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Critical Thinkers: Methods for Clear Thinking and Analysis in Everyday Situations from the Greatest Thinkers in History Hardcover – August 17, 2019

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Do you want to  ask smart questions  like Socrates, be an  out-of-the-box thinker  like John Stuart Mill, and  rational  like Descartes? 

These people have at least one thing in common; they were great critical thinkers of their time and their shared wisdom lived through the centuries.  Lessons From Critical Thinkers provides intellectual power to engage with and participate in effective critical thoughts, arguments, debates, reading, and reflection drawn from methods in the history of philosophical cognitive development. •Learn to think slowly and deliberately before making a decision • Get ready to question opinions and even facts  •Learn to gather information before jumping to conclusions • Accept and expect the biased and flawed nature of human cognition  Lessons From Critical Thinkers gives you a thorough presentation of the ideas and principles of critical thinking practiced by the greatest minds in history. Learn about the most important critical thinking methods to make better decisions in your personal life, career, and friendships.  

Equip yourself with the essential methods for clear, analytical, logical thinking and critique in a range of ideas and everyday situations.

•Discover critical thinking by familiarizing with concepts from other disciplines, like philosophy, cognitive biases and errors, race and gender from sociology and political science, and symbols from rhetoric. • Apply critical thinking and reasoning skills to your day to day problems •Find the most rewarding options in any opportunity. Lessons From Critical Thinkers is a helpful book for readers of any age and background who want to improve their critical thinking skills by learning from the greatest thinkers of all time. Learn to filter out irrelevant information efficiently and prioritize your resources to get the best results. Enhance your communication skills, reasoning, and logic.   

Improve your  critical, logical, observational, and rational thinking skills  with the timeless principles presented in this book.

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critical thinkers albert rutherford

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Lessons From Critical Thinkers: Methods for Clear Thinking and Analysis in Everyday Situations from the Greatest Thinkers in History

Albert rutherford.

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Published December 19, 2018

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Isbn 13: 9781792674181, critical thinkers: methods for clear thinking and analysis in everyday situations from the greatest thinkers in history (the critical thinker), rutherford, albert.

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Do you want to ask smart questions like Socrates, be an out-of-the-box thinker like John Stuart Mill, and rational like Descartes?

Equip yourself with the essential methods for clear, analytical, logical thinking and critique in a range of ideas and everyday situations.

Improve your critical, logical, observational, and rational thinking skills with the timeless principles presented in this book.

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Book Description Paperback. Condition: New. Language: English. Brand new Book. Do you want to ask smart questions like Socrates, be an out-of-the-box thinker like John Stuart Mill, and rational like Descartes? These people have at least one thing in common; they were great critical thinkers of their time and their shared wisdom lived through the centuries. Critical Thinkers provides intellectual power to engage with and participate in effective critical thoughts, arguments, debates, reading, and reflection drawn from methods in the history of philosophical cognitive development.-Learn to think slowly and deliberately before making a decision-Get ready to question opinions and even facts -Learn to gather information before jumping to conclusions-Accept and expect the biased and flawed nature of human cognition Critical Thinkers gives you a thorough presentation of the ideas and principles of critical thinking practiced by the greatest minds in history. Learn about the most important critical thinking methods to make better decisions in your personal life, career, and friendships.Equip yourself with the essential methods for clear, analytical, logical thinking and critique in a range of ideas and everyday situations.-Discover critical thinking by familiarizing with concepts from other disciplines, like philosophy, cognitive biases and errors, race and gender from sociology and political science, and symbols from rhetoric.-Apply critical thinking and reasoning skills to your day to day problems-Find the most rewarding options in any opportunity.Critical Thinkers is a helpful book for readers of any age and background who want to improve their critical thinking skills by learning from the greatest thinkers of all time. Learn to filter out irrelevant information efficiently and prioritize your resources to get the best results. Enhance your communication skills, reasoning, and logic. Improve your critical, logical, observational, and rational thinking skills with the timeless principles presented in this book. Seller Inventory # AAV9781792674181

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How to Think Critically (The Critical Thinker, #6)

How to Think Critically (The Critical Thinker, #6)

How to Think Critically (The Critical Thinker, #6)

Science-backed directives to think critically, make smarter choices, and become a seasoned fact-checker.

You've been manipulated before by advertising tricks. You've overlooked important details and made mistakes in your thinking. You haven't been fast enough to detect opportunities and others snatched them from you. We've all been in these scenarios. But we don't have to stay there.   

Transform your thinking to solve complex problems, overcome obstacles, discover opportunities, and think more clearly and accurately. 

How to Think Critically is not your average "change your thoughts change your life" book. It is a step-by-step manual that presents the core principles of critical thinking and gives practical guidance on how to re-program yourself for deeper insights and a more conscious living. Here you will find research-proven, actionable tools that will help you to apply critical thinking practices immediately until they become a habit.  

Improve your understanding and gain mental clarity.

Albert Rutherford is an internationally bestselling author whose writing derives from various sources, such as research, coaching, academic and real-life experience.  

Ask better questions to find more accurate answers and draw more profound insights.

•The essential steps in developing critical thinking skills. •What deep thinking and analysis really look like. •How to debunk cognitive shortcuts, manipulations, and biases.  

Evidence-based practices for optimal decision-making.

•How to avoid marketing manipulations and make optimal decisions. •How to ask questions that are free of subconscious suggestions. •Tips for creative thinking – reasoning by analogy.  

Start developing better critical thinking skills today by reading How to Think Critically!

This is the sixth book in the "The Critical Thinker" series as listed below:

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Lessons from Critical Thinkers: Methods for Clear Thinking and Analysis in Everyday Situations from the Greatest Thinkers in History

By Albert Rutherford

( 7 ratings )

About this ebook

Do you want to ask smart questions like Socrates, be an out-of-the-box thinker like John Stuart Mill, and rational like Descartes?

These people have at least one thing in common; they were great critical thinkers of their time and their shared wisdom lived through the centuries. Lessons From Critical Thinkers provides intellectual power to engage with and participate in effective critical thoughts, arguments, debates, reading, and reflection drawn from methods in the history of philosophical cognitive development. •Learn to think slowly and deliberately before making a decision • Get ready to question opinions and even facts •Learn to gather information before jumping to conclusions • Accept and expect the biased and flawed nature of human cognition Lessons From Critical Thinkers gives you a thorough presentation of the ideas and principles of critical thinking practiced by the greatest minds in history. Learn about the most important critical thinking methods to make better decisions in your personal life, career, and friendships.

Equip yourself with the essential methods for clear, analytical, logical thinking and critique in a range of ideas and everyday situations.

•Discover critical thinking by familiarizing with concepts from other disciplines, like philosophy, cognitive biases and errors, race and gender from sociology and political science, and symbols from rhetoric. • Apply critical thinking and reasoning skills to your day to day problems •Find the most rewarding options in any opportunity. Lessons From Critical Thinkers is a helpful book for readers of any age and background who want to improve their critical thinking skills by learning from the greatest thinkers of all time. Learn to filter out irrelevant information efficiently and prioritize your resources to get the best results. Enhance your communication skills, reasoning, and logic.

Improve your critical, logical, observational, and rational thinking skills with the timeless principles presented in this book.

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Lessons from critical thinkers - albert rutherford, chapter 1: socrates and aristotle.

Socrates is one of the most well-known Greek philosophers, and the earliest. His work focused on morals and exists solely in accounts written by his students, Plato and Xenophon; none of his own writing is known to exist. He lived from roughly 470 BCE to 399 BCE, and was a member of an aristocratic family. He began his career as a soldier, but eventually abandoned his family to become an itinerant teacher. His teachings therefore, exist in the form of dialogue, rather than dense texts. ¹

The Socratic Method

A teacher may have once told you he or she was using the Socratic method for class discussion; this term refers to a method of intellectual inquiry developed by Socrates and recorded in the accounts of his debates. Socrates used this method to deconstruct his opponents' arguments to find the inevitable gaps in logic, contradictions, or lack of proof. Socrates would ask his opponents a series of questions about their beliefs, eventually leading them to declare the flaws in their arguments. ²

You can think of this as the question everything mindset, which encourages people to question authority and preconceived beliefs or dogma. Socrates's goal was to reveal that people in power are not necessarily always right, that people should think for themselves and consider different arguments instead of blindly following their leaders. This process of thinking ideally involved finding hard evidence, determining if there were any flaws in logic, and predicting the implications of actions and words. The Socratic method is the most frequently-used and famous critical thinking strategy, because it provides a simple format for analyzing any argument.

Critical thinking in general has the same ends as the Socratic method: analyzing beliefs and explanations, determining what makes an argument reasonable or not, and separating emotions from the intellectual merit of an argument or belief. Socrates's student Plato, Plato's student Aristotle, and later Greek philosophers in the school of the skeptics, all developed this process of critical thinking to analyze the appearance of things versus their true nature. Truth could be reached much faster without taking first impressions for granted, and instead thinking critically.

Critical thinking ultimately allows its practitioner to develop a more advanced sense of personal reason, and let that highly-developed reason govern thoughts, actions, and emotional responses instead of instinct or emotion. Socratic discussion is a simple and easy way to develop critical thinking skills, because it allows the practitioner to quite literally question any flaws within an argument.

Socratic Questioning ³

There’s no limitation to the types of questions one can ask in the Socratic method, but some questions are more helpful to the critical thinking process than others. Questions should be focused, respectful, intellectual, and critical; tuned to analyze processes, ask for more data, brainstorm interpretations, and counter assumptions. A Socratic questioner should be comfortable asking questions that keep the conversation moving, moderate the discussion, summarizing occasionally to recap what has been said, and making sure everyone is included and able to speak.

The six types of Socratic questioning are: ⁴

Clarification questions. These ask for clarification to a statement, such as, What do you mean when you say that? or How is this connected to the argument?

Assumption questions. These question basic assumptions about an argument. They could be, Why do we think this? or What other option could we assume?

Perspective questions. These enquire about points of view and call them into question. You could ask for a counterargument, or raise a different view with which the group can examine an issue.

Reason/evidence questions. These ask for specific examples to prove an argument, or explanations for a phenomenon.

Consequence questions. These questions could be What are the implications of this argument? or How will this affect this group of people?

Meta-questions. These are about the questions themselves; you can ask, Why are you asking this? or What is the point of your question?

The modern critical thinking theorists, Richard Paul and Linda Elder, developed a paradigm called the Elements of Thought, an intrinsic part of their critical thinking framework. They have interwoven the Socratic method into this framework as well because it is important to overall critical thinking. The questions act as a stimulant for the brain's creative and analytic processes. This is because each known piece of information can be found using a question. Therefore, asking the right questions—that is, the ones given in the Socratic format—can help students parse out inconsistencies in others' arguments, flaws in reasoning, and creative solutions to problems. This is what critical thinking is all about.

The Elements of Thought vary from the Socratic method, but are based in the foundations of Socrates's way of thinking. They involve thinking about the origins of thoughts, and what questions to ask based on these origins and backgrounds. For example, analyzing the motives behind someone's way of thinking because everyone has a motive. Also knowing someone's assumptions, or the consequences of a thought. Types of critically thinking about thought given by Paul and Elder closely follow the types of questions given in the Socratic method.

Every statement in a textbook, in fact, is an answer to a question, but we never think about textbooks this way. Why? Because teachers often like to teach as much material as possible, as opposed to training students to thoughtfully engage with the things they learn. This divorces answers from questions, because only answers are given, but in fact, anything you could possibly learn is the answer to a question. If your teacher says the primary habitat of a lion is the savanna, the teacher is also implicitly asking you where the lions' main habitat is, and the information can be translated into a pointed question that is usable within the Socratic method. Thinking is not powered by the answers we're given, but

critical thinkers albert rutherford

Lessons from Critical Thinkers

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Publisher's Summary

Do you want to ask smart questions like Socrates or be an out-of-the-box thinker like John Stuart Mill and rational like Descartes?

These people have at least one thing in common: They were great critical thinkers of their time, and their shared wisdom lived through the centuries.

Lessons from Critical Thinkers provides intellectual power to engage with and participate in effective critical thoughts, arguments, debates, reading, and reflection drawn from methods in the history of philosophical cognitive development. 

Lessons from Critical Thinkers gives you a thorough presentation of the ideas and principles of critical thinking practiced by the greatest minds in history. Learn about the most important critical thinking methods to make better decisions in your personal life, career, and friendships.

Equip yourself with the essential methods for clear, analytical, logical thinking and critique in a range of ideas and everyday situations.

Lessons from Critical Thinkers is a helpful audiobook for listeners of any age and background who want to improve their critical thinking skills by learning from the greatest thinkers of all time. Learn to filter out irrelevant information efficiently and prioritize your resources to get the best results. Enhance your communication skills, reasoning, and logic.

Improve your critical, logical, observational, and rational thinking skills with the timeless principles presented in this book.

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Profile Image for John

Two thumbs up!

As a philosophy professor who has taught logic for more than 40 years, I was curious to see what a book on critical thinking intended for today's general audience might be like, especially since the term "critical thinking" is used in so many different ways, in so many different contexts, and in so many fields of study, with almost everyone claiming ownership of the term. Thus, I was pleasantly surprised to find a very thorough and detailed presentation of great trends in the art of rational discussion, and not the breezy and vague platitudes often found in popular offerings on this topic. Starting with the Socratic method, and working through the writings of such luminaries as Aquinas, Bacon, Descartes, Kant, and Mill, Rutherford does an excellent job highlighting the central themes and methods which have shaped much of the history of western philosophy, presenting them accurately without watering them down. I found the chapters on Descartes and Mill especially interesting. As a young man, Descartes was disappointed with much of his education, and asked if there was anything of which we can be truly certain. This query led to his famous "method of doubt" as a possible route to indubitable truth. How can one not be fascinated by this? Philosophy at its best. Rutherford also offers numerous tidbits about the lives of the thinkers discussed, which makes the material all the more engaging. At just over 2 hours, it's an easy listen that keeps the "reader" engaged. The narrator has a voice and style which remind me of the style of a corporate presentation. This may not be ideal for a novel, but for this topic it works perfectly. He is clear, concise, authoritative, and well-paced. I recommend this book to anyone interested in clear and precise thinking, and/or learning about some of the greatest thinkers of all time. Two thumbs up! I received this audiobook at no cost, in exchange for an unbiased review.

10 people found this helpful

Profile Image for GoingGoingGone...

Truly excellent

This is not only a historical overview, nor is it only an anthology of philosophical thought on critical thinking. What I like best about it is its accessibility, and it’s attempt through being accessible to enable those who are not critical thinkers to develop this trait as part of their personal development, to the benefit of themselves and the communities we share. Worth listening to even a few times, if that’s what it takes, and at a couple hours length that’s easy enough to commit to given the reward. Highly recommended as an introduction, and there’s enough information there to whet the appetite for further study. I received this audiobook at no cost, agreeing to provide my unbiased review.

4 people found this helpful

Profile Image for Brian M

A great starting point for learners

Preface: This review was written listening only to the audiobook, which was a gift. I did not have the physical text on hand to reference while listening. I also have a surface level familiarity of philosophy from some youtube videos over the years. "Critical thinking can be used by anyone, you just need to be open to learning about it and working hard to master it" is the conclusion at the end of this book. I think most of us have figured this out already, but we're also reluctant to admit that our critical thinking abilities aren't exactly sharp. Why is this? Through an introduction to several of history's most prominent philosophers, Albert Rutherford aims to guide his readers on the right track to finding the answer for this question. Rutherford explores the backgrounds and key lessons of the following thinkers: Socrates, Aristotle, Aquinas, Bacon, Descartes, Kant, Mill, Sumner, and Paul & Elder. His summaries of their lives and lessons are well organized and explained, and I didn't encounter a section in his book where I was confused by what he had written. My favorite chapter in the book while listening was Descartes'. I've encountered explanations of his philosophy before, but Rutherford is the only writer I've encountered so far who has explained to me the motivating force behind Descartes' emphasis on doubt, and why it matters to everyone. I feel everything has clicked into place with this philosopher at last. My favorite biography in the book is Mill's- Rutherford has a clear, particular interest in his upbringing that he details passionately. It makes me wonder how to apply the sort of lessons from his upbringing into my own life and parenting, which leads me into my main complaint with the book - applying the lessons. I wish the book had gone the next step in helping the readers imagine scenarios where they could apply what the chapters talked about in their own lives. As it is, the book is a good introduction to concepts, but it could have offered hypothetical situations for helping nail down a particular technique in his reader's minds and helped make a more immediate personal connection with its readers. Speaking of techniques, the biggest surprise for me was the final chapter on Paul & Elder. I had never heard of the two, but Rutherford goes into great detail with their three principles, model for critical thinking, ideas on intellectual standards, intellectual traits, and steps for sharpening your critical thinking. It is the biggest gem in the book, and I think it's worth reading the book just to learn what this chapter has to offer. For the audiobook specifically: I found it to be well narrated, and clear. There was one minor confusing section at around 26:12 that I had to replay to understand what was said. Other than that, I have no complaints with the narrator. If you are listening to this with the text, be aware that chapters are organized with headers and if you're listening at a higher speed you may miss when a new section begins.

2 people found this helpful

Profile Image for MP

Excellent, concise review of history’s greatest critical thinkers and what we can learn from them.

Content: I thoroughly enjoyed this audiobook. Just over two hours in length, it gives a concise review of the history of critical thinking. From Socrates to Richard Paul and Linda Elder, this audiobook walks the listener through the development of critical thinking philosophy. This book would appeal to anyone with an interest in history, philosophy, or improving their own thought process. Although short, this audiobook inspires further thought and provides references for future reading. Performance: The performance of this audiobook was also excellent. It is well edited, clearly read, and easy to follow. Overall: Fantastic! I highly recommend as a primer for anyone interested in furthering their understanding of the philosophy of critical thinking.

1 person found this helpful

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This book was mainly used to help me with my paper. It makes an in depth analysis of some of the most prominent critical thinkers in history. My favourite part was the correlation between freedom and rationality

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Ask The Right Questions To Solve A Problem

This audiobook lays out a great foundation to use critical thinking for asking the right questions to solve a problem. It covers several methods and applies them to practical applications. The narrator is perfect for conveying a vast amount of information and keeping you engaged is what is being said. I enjoyed this audiobook and have used the information contained within in my every day life. I was given this free review copy audiobook at my request and have voluntarily left this review.

Profile Image for steve

Excellent book

No flowery language just a brief biography of each person and then in depth analysis. Well worth the time

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The information was good but...

The reading is dry very dry... it’s a flat textbook that makes you remember why you hated history in school names dates places facts nothing relatable or enlivened about it. It doesn’t help that the reader is like the Visine dry eye guy... not as bad as some I have trying to listen too and I did manage to stay awake to listen....which is a lot more than I can say about some of the great American courses. It’s a solid 3 stars.

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This book did an excellent job to provide the general background information of prominent thinkers. I liked how the philosophical views were compared, contrasted, and built upon one another in their respective societal contexts.

Profile Image for Philo

Good survey, gives a good start on its subjects

This one was a pleasant surprise. It is one of those books I would love to have read in high school or college. While not becoming an expert, a reader (listener) can be fluent with the thinking tools and style of some of history's greatest thinkers. I hope this kind of thing is being taught in our schools.

Profile Image for Kira Adams

Some interesting ideas, but dull narration

This audiobook is a whistle-stop tour through the ideas and advice of several philosophers throughout history realting to thinking critically about what you see, hear, think and feel, from Socratic questioning, to Thomas Aquinas’s cross-examination of ideas, to Descartes’s questioning of reality, right through to Linda Elder’s 21st-century ideas on the links between thought and emotion. Not knowing much about philosophy, I found this to be a nice introduction, providing a starting point from which to read further about certain ideas I found interesting. However, the information was provided in a very boring way. I feel that a topic as complicated as philosophy needs to be presented with enthusiasm and humour to help make it more interesting and understandable. But listening to this book, it was very obvious that the narrator was just reading text off a page that he had no interest in. Overall, it’s not a bad listen if you want to pick up some basics of philosophy, but it is a chore to get through.

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critical thinkers albert rutherford

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