critical thinking 16

“Purposeful, self-regulatory judgment which results in interpretation, analysis, evaluation, and inference, as well as explanation of the evidential, conceptual, methodological, criteriological, or contextual considerations upon which that judgment is based”.

As for dictionaries, Collins dictionary states that critical thinking (or rather the notion of “critical”, to be more precise) stands for

“ examining and judging carefully ”,

while Meriam-Webster says it is

“ exercising or involving careful judgment or judicious evaluation ”.

Essentially, critical thinking is a way of examining the world around us with precision and care, all the while inspecting both the details and the bigger picture, and drawing logical conclusions from presented evidence in an objective and impassionate manner.

When employing the methods of critical thinking, you must do so without including our emotions into the equation so they wouldn’t cloud our judgment. All the conclusions must be inferred by using logic: for every cause, there is a consequence.

And of course, whatever conclusions we may reach must be unbiased – we must not succumb to our prejudices in any way.

Logic, however, is not the only thing important for critical thinking.

Depth, relevance, fairness, credibility, and accuracy of the examined data, their precision and relevance are also of key importance and should be taken into consideration at all times.

Asking questions – logical questions relevant to the topic you’re analyzing – are the proper way of applying this technique.

Through questioning and critical analysis, we reach our conclusions and find ways of improving ourselves and the world around us in a positive and creative way.

Thus, we adapt, and we grow.

WHY IS CRITICAL THINKING IMPORTANT?

Critical thinking and independent thought are of great importance in all facets of our lives, from personal to professional relationships. It gives you the edge necessary to properly examine a situation or a conflict and resolve it accordingly.

It’s a highly desirable skill, especially when it comes to your work.

For example, when presented with a lot of data, having great critical thinking skills will help you differentiate important data from the trivial ones, and that increases your working efficiency and shows your capabilities.

The better your problem-solving skills are, the faster you’ll advance.

A manager with good critical thinking skills can easily determine which one of his employees is suited for which role and is able to utilize the skills of all the individuals in his team to achieve optimal results.

That way, everybody wins.

Critical thinking is crucial for science and politics.

Being critical of social issues and politics is one of the cornerstones of democracy and the advancement of a society depends on it.

As for science, to analyze new data stemming from experimentation, we need to think logically and derive precise conclusions so as to, for example, prove or disprove a specific theory.

Language presentation, personal improvement, and growth, creative problem-solving – critical thinking can be used to the betterment of all aspects of life.

Having all this in mind, we must ask: what are the characteristic of good critical thinkers?

CHARACTERISTICS OF CHRITICAL THINKERS

Now that we know what critical thinking is, and now that we’ve glimpsed the amazing versatility of this way of thinking. Some are universal, while others are pretty particular.

Let us consider some of the characteristics of good critical thinkers.

If you wish to become a good critical thinker, these are the skills you should try to practice and develop.

They include, but are not limited to, the following features:

1. Observation

Observation is one of the general skills we acquire as children and is one of the cornerstones of successful and efficient critical thinking. It is a primary way for us to learn about the world around us, its laws and limitations.

We observe by utilizing our senses of sight, hearing, touch, smell, and taste.

Once we acquire this sensory input, we analyze it and use the data thus received to reach the conclusions which logically follow the question/input.

The older we are, the more experienced we get in regards to observing the details of the world around us and the situations and problems we face.

These observations are what gives us a deeper understanding of the world and people in general, but also about ourselves and our own motivations, which is essential for our personal growth and development.

2. Inquisitiveness

One of the inherent qualities of all good critical thinkers is their curiosity. Being inquisitive and asking constructing questions in order to learn new things is one of their defining traits.

Critical thinkers take a healthy interest in the world and the people around them, thus becoming good and effective leaders in their respective communities/fields of expertise.

Critical thinkers rarely take anything as it appears – everything and everyone is subjected to their scrutiny, but such a curiosity is not the dry and dispassionate curiosity of a manipulator, put a passionate curiosity of a child eager to understand something or someone new, whether that is a scientific concept or a particular detail of an as yet unfamiliar culture.

This is the trait makes critical thinkers the lifelong learners – a person learns as long as they live, and this perfectly describes all good critical thinkers.

3. Objectivity

We have already stressed the importance of objectivity.

When critical thinkers approach a problem, they do so without using their emotions. They rely on their ration, on pure facts and scientific evaluation.

They carefully consider the causes and consequences of an action and determine the best possible outcome.

However, being perfectly objective is easier said than done.

Our previous experiences, all that we have seen and heard, is what defy us, so our points of view are sure to influence our judgment.

For that reason, identifying our biases is paramount for successful objective observation.

Consider carefully your previous experiences and cast them aside, then remove yourselves from the situation and absorb both the bigger picture and the minute details as dispassionately as possible.

4 . Introspection

To be able to identify our own biases, this is how we do it.

Essentially, introspection is our ability to think about the way we think. That is essential for critical thinkers. Through introspection, critical thinkers question themselves and their points of view, and how attentive and engaged they are in observation and analysis of the problem in question.

We don’t simply examine our views – introspection provides us insight both into our mental state and into our emotions as well. Due to its nature, introspection is tied to what is known as self-reflection. Bear in mind, however, that for some of us this anything but easy.

5. Analytical Thinking

When people say for someone that they are an analytical thinker, they are refereeing to that person’s ability to approach a problem with all sides, examine the possible consequences of all possible decisions, and once the best course of action is determined, one then acts accordingly.

Needless to say, the best analytical thinkers out there are actually critical thinkers.

An objective approach to an analysis of any and all information is crucial for this type of thinking, which makes sifting through piles of reports and contracts, or maintaining both personal and business relationships.

When we analyze a piece of information, we essentially break it into smaller pieces, and then we inspect the pieces in order to find out how they work, both individually and when put together.

Objectivity is the key for analytical thinking: we gather all the evidence at our disposal and then follow it to a specific conclusion.

6. Identifying Biases

Whether we are aware of it or not, having biases is inevitable.

These preconceived notions shape our point of view, often in negative ways. In order to identify them and successfully overcome their influence, critical thinkers challenge and question their own attitudes before making a decision, all in order to give a better judgment of a situation and perfect their personal and professional skills.

Once we overcome our biases, we come to a very important realization: all information we receive is incomplete, one way or another.

Imagine getting a report detailing a business transaction, or describing a particular procedure or an event. Never take it for granted! Always ask: “Is there an agenda behind the data presented here? Who benefits and who suffers losses if the given situation is resolved in a particular way? Is there anything my source has left unsaid, and why?”

Asking these questions should help you determine all the hidden issues behind the data presented, and help you reach the decision which brings the best possible outcome.

7. Determining Relevance

Not all data you receive are equally important. When faced with a great number of reports to review, it might seem challenging to successfully sift through all of them efficiently. But in order to do that, you must determine which information is relevant for your needs, and which are not.

Determining the relevance of a particular detail or information is one of the crucial elements of critical thinking.

Bear in mind that a great deal of information you’re presented with has little importance for you and/or your work, or are there to misguide you.

Focus on those pieces of information which are logically connected to the topic you’re researching or a problem you’re trying to solve.

Always check if the information is truly as useful as it appears, or if it’s there to distract you from the real problem.

8. Inference

When tasked to examine a great deal of information (for example, a number of business reports) and determine their legitimacy, you will often receive them disorganized and out of order, especially if they are collected in a hurry, or in a highly stressful situation.

It is up to you to organize and analyze all this raw data, and offer logical and correct conclusions, and this is where inference is important.

Not only are they good at reaching the right conclusions based on more or less raw data, but all good critical thinkers can infer all possible outcomes of taking particular actions based on the conclusions they offered.

They know the difference between inference and assumption, and they rely on actual data, not on preconceived notions of the said data.

Don’t assume, observe the data – with critical thinking, the facts are the only thing that matters.

9. Empathy and Compassion

You may be wondering what compassion and empathy have to do with critical thinking and data analysis.

After all, we have already stated that our judgment must not be led by emotions and that all our conclusions must rational and logical.

As it turns out, however, compassion and empathy are a very important factor.

Having concern for the wellbeing of people around us is what makes us human. We are not robots who can view the word only as a source of cold, soulless scientific data to analyze and store.

In a large number of situations, we must take into consideration the human factor of our decisions, for what we say and do, and the way we resolve conflict can affect people in a number of ways.

Do not allow yourself to become obsessed with blind analysis and pure data.

Always bear in mind that the consequences of your decisions can have serious consequences for some people, so consider your decisions and actions carefully!

That consideration is crucial for all good critical thinkers.

10. Being Humble

One of the great qualities of critical thinkers is the fact that they’re essentially modest and humble folk. It is great having confidence in all your stronger qualities and talents, but humility teaches us to acknowledge our flaws as well.

This is a self-reflection element of critical thinking, the realization that we’re not perfect, that no one is, in fact, infallible, and knowing that should foster eagerness for personal growth, the desire to better oneself for the betterment of others.

We examine our attitude and that which we believe in and become more open to other people’s points of view.

11. Willingness to Question Status Quo

Critical thinkers are never satisfied with the current state of affairs as long as they see even the tiniest bit of a chance to change something for the better. They’ll zealously question current practices in all facets of their lives, especially professional.

They are fine with traditional approaches as long as they’re not the source of stagnation, and will actively look for ways to improve upon it.

Questioning the established order may seem radical, but that is what critical thinkers do: they find new and more effective and creative ways of solving a particular problem, or new ways to approach a particular topic, is their second nature.

12. Having an Open Mind

To be able to see the bigger picture, one needs to have an open mind. That especially counts for critical thinkers. Their goal is always to see the issue/topic in its entirety.

Taking side or getting overly invested into a discussion can be only detrimental to what wish to achieve – a fair and appropriate resolution of conflict and/or solution of a particularly troublesome conundrum.

Listen to all side equally, and carefully consider the information received.

Be open for points of view of other people, and never jump to conclusions!

13. Being Aware of the Most Common Errors in Thinking

To be a good critical thinker, you’ll need to polish your way of thinking and avoid any and all misconceptions.

You do so by becoming aware of what is known as common logical fallacies.

Common logical fallacies are errors occurring while judging a situation, reaching a conclusion, or presenting an argument in a discussion. They include, but are not at all limited to, the following errors:

14. Creativity

Creativity is a natural aspect of critical thinking. Many true critical thinkers are also creative thinkers as well.

They refuse to rely solely on established ways of solving a particular issue – if there is an alternative, more creative and effective way of dealing with a particular situation, they would rather use that than the old patterns. They prefer thinking outside of the box; patterns only slow them down.

However, it must be mentioned that critical thinkers and creative thinkers are indeed separated by one specific detail.

Creative thinking is connected to creating new ideas; critical thinking is connected to the analysis of both new and old ideas, and choosing the most effective ones.

Thus, through critical thinking, we can discover new and inventive ideas and bring them to the fore.

15. Highly Developed Communicative Skills

It is often the case that issues with communication stem from the inability of one of the participants of a discussion (or all of them!) to observe the issue in question from a distance, with a calm and clear mind.

This clarity of thought is one of the building blocks of effective communication .

Since coherence is important for communication, we can rely upon critical thinking to relay our messages.

Critical thinkers pay close attention to the thinking process of their interlocutors and observe just how logical or illogical, biased or unbiased their reasoning may be.

They’re able to systematically and coherently express their opinions, but also to absorb and understand the attitudes of the people around them.

16. Attentive Listeners

Critical thinkers are everything but passive conversationalists. They do listen carefully to what other people are saying in order to absorb as many important pieces of information as possible, but they’re also asking creative and constructive questions in order to find out more.

As we have stated, asking the right questions is important for all good critical thinkers.

This is the way they differentiate important details from the trivial ones, picking out the facts while discarding all assumptions.

Once all the facts are gathered, they reach a logical conclusion based upon it. Asking open-ended questions to examine a topic more deeply is a specialty of theirs.

These are some of the essential skills necessary for you to become a successful critical thinker.

The best thing about critical thinking is the absolute versatility of this way of thinking. It can be applied in any and all segments of your personal and professional life, and it simply has no downsides to it.

Question the given norms, actively find the way to improve upon both yourselves and the world around you, and don’t accept things simply because someone told you they’ve always been like this.

Ask constructive questions, identify your biases, and try to be as objective as you can, but do not forget the people around you – your colleagues, friends, and family – and turn into a cold, cynical person unable to trust anyone and anything.

Consider your beliefs and actions as well as those of others, and you will constantly grow, both as a professional and as a person.

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16 traits of critical thinkers that separate them from everyone else

It’s easier than ever before to fall for the trends without even realizing it.

We’re surrounded by media and influencers who tell us what we’re supposed to think, and it takes less effort to follow instead of thinking for ourselves.

But following trends won’t help you reach your true potential, which is why critical thinking is one of the most important skills you can master.

But what does it actually mean to think critically?

Is thinking critically just questioning everything around you and being disagreeable?

Not at all.

Critical thinking is more than just about the way you think, but also about the way you live.

Here are 16 characteristics that make critical thinkers so different from everyone else:

1. They’re Aware Of Their Own Biases

Our personal experiences color our worldview. Whether we admit to them or not, we each have our own internalized biases.

Our minds have built subconscious preferences for ideas, objects, and even people.

If a stranger did something wrong, we’d be quick to label them as bad.

But if our closest friends did something equally wrong, we’re more likely to forgive them.

Our personal biases skew the perception of situations, stopping us from seeing situations clearly. Critical thinkers recognize this.

Their self-awareness makes way for fairer and more balanced judgments.

2. They Can Be Objective

Critical thinkers always concern themselves with the facts; what they can observe and the information that they can gather.

In difficult social situations, such as in an argument, they are able to set aside their emotions and take a step back. It isn’t cold — it’s necessary.

True objectivity is impossible. We are all born with a default, personal bias.

The best that critical thinkers can do is gather as much evidence and raw data as they can to make the most rational decision in the given circumstance.

3. They Don’t Passively Accept Things

Going with the flow of the trends is much easier nowadays.

When we observe that other people are doing something, we can’t help but to conform.

But conformity stops you, and others, from achieving your highest potential — it might even be working against you.

That’s why in work settings, critical thinkers are willing to ask “Why is our workflow and process this way?

Couldn’t we sell our products at a better price?”;

“Because that’s how it’s always been” isn’t an answer they’re going to accept.

4. They Like Asking Questions

Critical thinkers are the curious types. They aren’t quick to jump to any conclusions.

It’s a slow process of gathering as much information as they can.

To do this, they use a timeless yet still effective method: raising their hands and asking questions.

There’s always going to be vital information hiding behind engaging questions.

It could clarify project briefs, support arguments, or even dispel some illusions to show others that there might actually be a better solution to their problems.

All this can be achieved because of a few questions.

5. They Have A Diverse Information Diet

The way that social media algorithms work is that it promotes information that it thinks will appeal to you while hiding those that it thinks won’t.

Sounds simple enough, right?

But the consequences are detrimental to your ability to think critically.

When all you’re seeing is information that you agree with, you’ll inevitably find yourself in a digital echo chamber; a bubble of your own biases. It blinds you to the reality around you.

Critical thinkers open themselves up to opposing views.

By following people who hold opposing views or adding them as friends, they allow themselves to exercise their critical thinking and test their beliefs.

6. They’re Sensitive To The Details

People who think critically don’t skim the project briefs.

They read each line and think about its implications not just for their clients but also for the company as a whole.

There are usually implicit deliverables that neither the client nor your boss is aware of — they just know it when they see it.

This project might solidify your relationship with the client or, with enough success, could make your company the most attractive one to work with.

It takes critical thinking to see the bigger picture.

7. They Can Connect The Dots

When critical thinkers make their assumptions, there is a logical path they take to get there.

In every report, presentation, or even talk, there is going to be the question: So what does this all mean?

Critical thinkers are able to make sense of the data that they encounter — even seeing through any possible lapses in the reasoning that others might’ve missed.

8. They Can Agree To Disagree

Arguments can be healthy. It’s a chance for you to test out your beliefs to see if it’s credible — if not to others, then at least to you.

Debates reveal how much you believe in your idea or if you’re merely spouting what everyone else is saying because others said it’s right.

The ability to engage in debates without coming out of it resentful of the other person is a good indicator that someone is a critical thinker.

They disagree respectfully. Everyone has their own perspectives. They can’t force their opinions on you any more than you can on them.

9. They’re Open-Minded

Learning from others is a dynamic process. It keeps your mind active and strengthens your critical thinking muscle.

Critical thinkers aren’t the ones to close their minds to opposing ideas.

In this way, a critical thinker never stagnates. They continually refresh themselves with new ideas and new ways to view the world; they’re lifelong learners .

10. They Can Change Their Mind

Critical thinkers have humility . In an argument, if they’ve found that what they thought was right turned out to be wrong, a good critical thinker would be willing to change their mind.

They aren’t being fickle. It doesn’t mean that they’re still willing to defend what they believe in.

They carefully think through the logic behind their argument and the arguments of others.

They don’t simply adopt a different idea — they step back and assess if they believe that it’s credible enough.

11. They Communicate Clearly

People who are able to reason out their opinions tend to be better communicators.

Have you tried explaining something that you yourself hasn’t fully grasped yet? It isn’t easy.

Since critical thinkers work out problems, concepts, even the meaning behind a movie or the plot of a book beforehand, they can better express it to other people.

Thinking critically can improve the various communications that’s going on in your life; among your colleagues, between friends, family, and even with your significant other.

12. They’re Active Listeners

Critical thinkers don’t only have sharp eyes for observing but also train their ears for listening.

Advertisers carefully construct their messaging to appeal to you.

Copywriters use language to hide the catch — be it an additional fee for signing up or even the fact that the discount for the membership ends after the first month.

When you encounter these types of ads — on the radio, on social media, on your TV — active listening and critical thinking help you avoid any unwanted spending.

13. They’re Introspective

It’s easy to set your mind on cruise control and go along with the flow of mainstream media.

Critical thinkers, however, don’t partake in that. They look inward. They think about how they think.

14. They Can Think Outside The Box

The adage “If it isn’t broken, don’t fix it” might actually hinder meaningful progress.

Reverting to the “It’s how it’s always been done” reasoning blinds you to fresher and improved solutions to your problems.

By exposing themselves to differing opinions and material — talking to people of the opposite political party or reading a different newspaper publication — critical thinkers can pick apart the different opinions and combine them to form an unexpected approach and solution.

15. They Come Up With Their Own Opinions

An essential ability needed for learning is explaining things in your own words. When you explain something this way, you’re forced to think critically about it.

Forming your own opinion and thoughts on matters is more effective to your personal and mental growth than adopting someone else’s beliefs.

You’re no longer a blind follower but an original thinker.

16. They Weigh Their Options

One of the areas of life where critical thinking is the most beneficial is in decision-making.

In a group setting, critical thinkers may consider other opinions but they don’t allow themselves to be swayed by them.

Instead, they arrive at their decision by viewing the facts of the situation, looking at it objectively, and weighing the potential consequences of their actions rationally.

Skipping this portion of the decision-making process increases your risk of any potential loss or regret.

Practicing your critical thinking skills doesn’t mean you have to disagree with everything and everyone that you encounter.

You don’t have to impose your critically thought beliefs on anyone as well.

What you’ll find when you think critically is that you regain mental control.

You stop allowing others to shape you and your mind because you’ve learned to do that yourself.

Did you like my article? Like me on Facebook to see more articles like this in your feed.

Lachlan Brown

I’m Lachlan Brown, the founder, and editor of Hack Spirit. I love writing practical articles that help others live a mindful and better life. I have a graduate degree in Psychology and I’ve spent the last 15 years reading and studying all I can about human psychology and practical ways to hack our mindsets. Check out my latest book on the Hidden Secrets of Buddhism and How it Saved My Life . If you want to get in touch with me, hit me up on Facebook or Twitter .

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Chapter 16 Commentary

Thinking critically about critical-thinking assessment.

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This commentary begins by addressing some of the general issues with critical thinking assessment in Section 1 and ends with an assessment in Section 2 of the critical-thinking tests discussed in previous chapters.

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Critical Thinking

Why might an epidemiological population in a state not be the same size as the number of people in a state? Use an example.

Many people find that they become ill with a cold after traveling by airplane. The air circulation systems of commercial aircraft use HEPA filters that should remove any infectious agents that pass through them. What are the possible reasons for increased incidence of colds after flights?

An Atlantic crossing by boat from England to New England took 60–80 days in the 18th century. In the late 19th century the voyage took less than a week. How do you think these time differences for travel might have impacted the spread of infectious diseases from Europe to the Americas, or vice versa?

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CRITICAL THINKING (SET OF 16)
SET OF 16. Grades 3 - 6; Reading Level 3 - 4.
Critical Thinking and Reasoning
Chapter 16 Commentary. Thinking Critically about Critical-Thinking Assessment. In: Critical Thinking and Reasoning. Authors: Donald Hatcher.
Ch. 16 Critical Thinking
Critical Thinking. 22. Why might an epidemiological population in a state not be the same size as