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FAQ: How do I cite a Harvard Business Review case study in APA style?
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Answered By: Jennifer Harris Last Updated: Aug 19, 2022 Views: 62492
When citing case studies in APA style you'll want to include the typical citation elements and apply general formatting guidelines. The following are examples of how case studies could be cited in APA style, but be sure to check with your professor about how they'd like you to cite case studies in your work.
In-Text Citations
Kotter (1990) explains the steps British Airways took to reverse a horrible customer service atmosphere and financial crisis.
… as the case study concluded (Bisell & Tram, 2007) .
Groysberg and Connolly (2015) concluded in their case study that….
Reference List
Example (don't forget to indent the second and subsequent lines):
Author(s). (Year). Title of case study . HBS No. number of case study. Publisher.
Example, one author:
Kotter, J. (1990). Changing the Culture at British Airways . HBS No. 491-009. Harvard Business School Publishing.
Example, two authors:
Groysberg, B., & Connolly, K. (2015). BlackRock: Diversity as a Driver for Success . HBS No. 415-047. Harvard Business School Publishing.
More Information
- APA Guide (Shapiro Library)
- APA Style Blog This link opens in a new window (APA)
Further Help
This information is intended to be a guideline, not expert advice. Please be sure to speak to your professor about the appropriate way to cite sources in your class assignments and projects.
Campus Students
To access Academic Support, visit your Brightspace course and select “Tutoring and Mentoring” from the Academic Support pulldown menu.
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To access help with citations and more, visit the Academic Support via modules in Brightspace:
- Academic Support Overview: Getting Help with your Schoolwork This link opens in a new window
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Citation Management: Guides & Tools
Information on citation style guides, citation management tools, and citation best practices to assist you with your academic writing & research.
General Guidance
Aimed at MBA students, this short deck provides an overview and tips/tricks for thinking about using and citing sources in papers, projects and exams.
Developed by the Harvard Writing Center, this guide outlines how to use, integrate, and cite sources responsibly and reviews how to avoid plagiarism.
Harvard Guide to Using Sources
Citation style guides.
This guide describes citation conventions for HBS students to use when writing research papers.
Guidelines for the citation of artificial intelligence.
Complete handbook to American Psychological Association style, often referred to as APA. APA is commonly used in the social sciences.
Publication manual of the American Psychological Association
Check harvard availability.
Developed by Purdue's Online Writing Lab. Contains resources on in-text citation and the references page, as well as APA sample papers, slide presentations, and the APA classroom poster.
Purdue Owl: APA Formatting & Style Guide
Fully searchable online version of the 15th and 16th editions of the Chicago Manual of Style. The Chicago style is a popular citation style within the social sciences.
Chicago Manual of Style
Developed by the Purdue Online Writing Lab. Detailed information on The Chicago Manual of Style method of document formatting and citation.
Purdue Owl: Chicago Manual Formatting & Style Guidelines
Guidelines and recommendations from the Modern Language Association on citing sources using MLA style.
MLA Handbook
Developed by the Purdue Online Writing Lab. MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page.
Purdue Owl: MLA Formatting & Style Guide
Citation management tools.
Tools such as Zotero and Endnote help organize your research and references.
For more information on using these tools, visit Harvard Library's Research Management & Citation Tools .

Citing Business Information: Articles
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How to Cite an Article
The purpose of any citation is so that the reader can find the sources you used. In the reference list or bibliography section of your paper, the general format for citing an article is this:
- Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number (issue number), pages. http://dx.doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyyy
Include the author(s), publication date, article title, journal title, volume and issue numbers (if applicable), and page numbers. If available, include the DOI (Digital Object Identifier) or permanent link to the article.
How to Cite an article from the Wall Street Journal

- Simon S. (2010, Feb 13). Even Boulder finds it isn't easy going green. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from ABI/Inform database.
- Simon, S. (2010, Feb 13). Even Boulder finds it isn't easy going green. Wall Street Journal [Eastern edition], p. A.1.
Why are these different styles equally okay for this citation? In short, consider your audience. If your audience is the academic community (your classmates, your professor), the easiest way for them to access the article without hitting a paywall will be through a library database. Alternatively, including the [Eastern edition] and page number makes it easier for the reader to find the article through a different database.
It is also okay to put the source's website url in the citation.
- Simon, S. (2010, Feb 13). Even Boulder finds it isn't easy going green. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from www.wsj.com.
How to Cite an Article from Harvard Business Review

- Simanis, E., & Duke, D. (2014). Profits at the bottom of the pyramid. Harvard Business Review , 92 (10), 86-93.
- Smianis, E., & Duke, D. (2014). Profits at the bottom of the pyramid. Harvard Business Review, 92 (10), 86-93. Retrieved from Business Source Complete database.
- Simanis, E., & Duke, D. (2014). Profits at the bottom of the pyramid. Harvard Business Review, 92 (10), 86-93. Retrieved from https://colorado.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=98407147&site=ehost-live&scope=site
APA Style strongly encourages authors to cite the article's DOI, if available. Harvard Business Review articles generally do not have an assigned DOI. In this situation, it is okay to include "Retrieved from [database]" or "Retrieved from [permalink]." It is also okay omit the link altogether.
How to Cite a Scholarly Article

The ProQuest article record above does not include a DOI. The APA Style strongly encourages authors to cite a DOI (if available). In this instance, the journal's website provided the article DOI.
- Chan, K., Ikenberry, D. L., Lee, I., & Wang, Y. (2012). Informed traders: Linking legal insider trading and share repurchases. Financial Analysts Journal, 68 (1), 60-73. DOI: 10.2469/faj.v68.n1.3

This article is in press as of the time of this guide's creation. To cite a scholarly article in press, you can either include the year it was accepted OR replace the date with (in press). The volume and issue number are omitted because those have not been confirmed. Include the DOI if present.
- Campbell, M. C., Manning, K. C., Leonard, B., & Manning, H. M. (in press). Kids, cartoons, and cookies: Stereotype priming effects on children's food consumption. Journal of Consumer Psychology . DOI:10.1016/j.jcps.2015.06.003
- Campbell, M. C., Manning, K. C., Leonard, B., & Manning, H. M. (2015). Kids, cartoons, and cookies: Stereotype priming effects on children's food consumption. Journal of Consumer Psychology . DOI:10.1016/j.jcps.2015.06.003
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What's a DOI?
DOI (Digital Object Identifier): a unique code assigned to articles and other documents published online. This identifier is attached to the article itself and will serve as a persistent link even if the website changes or disappears. Learn more at doi.org .
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- How do you cite the Harvard Business Review in APA?

9-806-105 HBS No. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Publishing In-text citations in APA format include the author's last name, the year of publication, and the page number (for quotations), either in the text or in parentheses. For example, an in-text citation would look like this: "Smith, who first proposed the target model in 1989," (89).
Citations from web pages follow standard bibliographic rules , except that the date is usually included in the reference rather than being stated in the text. For example, an online article by Smith (2009) would be cited as follows: "Smith, J. (2009, May 10)."
References are listed in order of appearance in the text. Therefore, references should be listed in alphabetical order by authors' last names, unless there is a good reason not to. For example, if two articles by the same author appear at the end of the list of references, they should be cited out of order because readers cannot determine which article was published first.
References are usually placed at the end of your paper. However, if they are particularly long or you want them to appear earlier in the paper, then you can insert them into the body of your text. When referencing material found on other websites, it is necessary to provide complete URLs when using them as sources.
Table of Contents
What are apa in-text citation examples, how do you mention a study in an apa paper, how do you cite cno practices in apa, how do you cite a fact in apa, how do you in-text cite using harvard referencing, how do you cite a position statement in apa.
The APA in-text citation style, for example, employs the author's last name and the year of publication, as in: (Field, 2005). Include the page number for direct quotations, for example: (Field, 2005, p. 14). Indent the first line of a quotation within the quotation itself: "She said that she wanted to marry an American." (Beauvoir, 1949, p. 70). Do not use periods at the end of sentences or after colons.
When citing sources in APA format, use the author-date method. Jones (1998), for example, and a complete citation should be supplied in the paper's reference list.
Body of APA Citation Style Standards (Year). The title (standard number). Obtained from the URL listed under NCSL, which is the official website for the Publication Manual.
Citation examples: "The Body of APA Citation Styles (Year) can be found at http://www.ncsu.edu/~libref/citation-apastd.html." or simply "Body of APA (Year)." In the first example, the full URL to the standards body's page is provided and it can be used to verify that the style was actually used. In the second example, only the year is given and this has to be verified by visiting http://www.ncsu.edu/~libref/citation-apastd.html and making sure that the current year's version is being displayed.
You should use the same source as you did for the definition, with a link to it. If there is no link available, then you need to find another way to provide the reader with access to this information . For example, you could copy and paste the standard's body into your work, give it a relevant title , and include a link to the standard's URL afterward.
An in-text citation is a citation that appears within your work and indicates where you obtained your information , facts, quotes, and research. The following information is required for all APA in-text citations: Author's surname (no first names or initials) year of publication (or "n.d." if no date is given): (LastName, undated, p. xxx). Where to find them: Specific sources such as books, periodicals, websites, frequently appear along with their URLs. General sources such as Wikipedia can be cited without the URL when the article is well known. All sources should be cited accurately and completely. Incomplete or incorrect sources may be removed by academic editors before publication.
In addition to in-text citations, researchers must also follow up-to-date formatting requirements for publications. Under the Chicago style guidelines , authors are required to provide an endnote list of references at the end of their papers. Endnotes are numbered sequentially and referenced in text using the numbers as a guide. Each reference must contain the author's name, the title of the paper, the journal it was published in, and the page number on which it was cited.
Citations allow readers to find other scholars' work that is relevant to their own investigations. They also help reviewers understand how much original research has been done on a topic before they review it for publication. Without citations, researchers would have to read everything from beginning to end before reviewing any material, which would be impossible for most academics .
In-text citations should appear everywhere you cite or paraphrase a source in your writing, directing the reader to the whole reference . Citations occur in the text in brackets in Harvard style. An in-text citation includes the author's last name, the year of publication, and, if applicable, a page number. For example, the following sentence contains an in-text citation: "The Wall Street Journal published an article by Jones et al. that discusses this issue."
Citations are important tools for researchers to identify sources used in their work. They also help readers find other works by the same author or relevant studies done on the same topic. There are several different styles of citation methods, so it is important to follow appropriate guidelines when citing sources.
In addition to in-text citations, authors may also include endnotes or bibliographies at the end of their papers . Endnotes are placed at the end of the paper with space left above them for the author's name. Bibliographies are lists of books and articles used in the research process with information about each one including title, publisher, date published, and page numbers if available. Both endnotes and bibliographies should include full details about the source.
Harvard style requires that all citations be in-text citations unless the author wants to give more detail about their source.
Any APA reference should be formatted as follows: Author. (Date). Title. Number. Publication. Page. Statement or opinion expressed by the author in their work .
So, to cite a position statement in your paper, write something like this: Anderson. S. (2019). How do you cite a position statement in APA? In Hetrick F. , Martin J. (Eds.), The Sage handbook of public opinion research (pp. 331-334). London: Sage.
In addition to the standard author-date citation format, some scholars use an "editorial" citation style when referencing positions taken by editors or other staff members of periodicals or websites. This is most common with scholarly journals that allow authors to submit articles for publication. When doing so, writers may want to refer to letters pages or other forms of published commentary in which journal editors have expressed their views on issues within the field. Using an editorial citation style allows readers to know that the information comes from a specific source and not just any random writer who happens to be named Anderson et al.
Writers should include the title of the position statement or article along with the name of its publisher.
About Article Author

Colleen Tuite
Colleen Tuite is a professional editor and writer. She loves books, movies, and all things literary. She graduated from Boston College summa cum laude where she studied English with Creative Writing Concentration.
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Harvard Citation Generator
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What is the Harvard Referencing System?
The Harvard citation style is a system that students, writers and researchers can use to incorporate other people’s quotes, findings and ideas into their work in order to support and validate their conclusions without breaching any intellectual property laws. The popular format is typically used in assignments and publications for humanities as well as natural, social and behavioural sciences.
It is a parenthetical referencing system that is made up of two main components:
- In-text citations including the author’s surname and the year of publication should be shown in brackets wherever another source has contributed to your work
- A reference list outlining all of the sources directly cited in your work
Whilst in-text citations are used to briefly indicate where you have directly quoted or paraphrased a source, your reference list is an alphabetized list of complete Harvard citations that enables your reader to locate each source with ease. Each entry should be keyed to a corresponding parenthetical citation in the main body of your work, so that a reader can take an in-text citation and quickly retrieve the source from your reference list.
Note that some universities, and certain disciplines, may also require you to provide a bibliography. This is a detailed list of all of the material you have consulted throughout your research and preparation, and it will demonstrate the lengths you have gone to in researching your chosen topic.
‘Harvard referencing’ is an umbrella term for any referencing style that uses the author name and year of publication within the text to indicate where you have inserted a source. This author-date system appeals to both authors and readers of academic work. Scholars find the format an economical way of writing, and it is generally more accessible to the reader as there are no footnotes crowding the page. Only the name of the author, the publication date of the source and, if necessary, the page numbers are included in the parenthetical citations, for example: (Joyce, 2008).
Use Cite This For Me’s Harvard style referencing generator to create your fully-formatted in-text references and reference list in the blink of an eye. Stop giving yourself extra pain and work for no reason and sign up to Cite This For Me today – your only regret will be that you didn’t use our open-generator sooner!
Popular Harvard Referencing Examples
- Chapter of a book
- Conference proceedings
- Court case
- Dissertation
- Encyclopedia article
- Image online or video
- Presentation or lecture
- Video, film, or DVD
Cite This For Me’s Harvard Referencing Guide
The following guide provides you with everything you need to know to do justice to all your hard work and get a mark that reflects those sleepless nights. If you’re not sure how to format your Harvard style citations, what citations are, or are simply curious about Cite This For Me citation generator, our guide will answer all of your questions whilst offering you a comprehensive introduction to the style. Keep reading to find out why you need to use a referencing system, how to add citations in the body of your assignment, and how to compile a reference list.
Sometimes, students do not encounter citing until they embark onto degree-level studies, yet it is a crucial academic skill that will propel you towards establishing yourself in the academic community. It’s a common mistake to leave citing and creating a complete and accurate bibliography until the very last minute, but with Cite This For Me’s Harvard referencing generator you can cite-as-you-go.
So, if you need a helping hand with your referencing then why not try Cite This For Me’s automated citation generator ? The generator accesses knowledge from across the web, assembling all of the relevant information into a fully-formatted reference list that clearly presents all of the sources that have contributed to your work. Using this Harvard reference generator to cite your sources enables you to cross the finishing line in style.
It is important to bear in mind that there is a plethora of different citation styles out there – the use of any particular one depends on the preference of your college, subject, professor or the publication you are submitting the work to. If you’re unsure which style you should be using, consult your tutor and follow their guidelines. If your lecturer or department does not ask you to use a particular style, we recommend using the Harvard referencing system because it is simple to use and easy to learn.
The powerful open-access generator above can auto-generate citations in 1,000+ styles. So, whether your professor prefers that you use the MLA format , or your discipline requires you to adopt the APA citation or Chicago citation style , we have the style you need. Cite This For Me also provides open generators and handy style guides for styles such as ASA , AMA or IEEE . To accurately create citations in a specific format, simply sign up to Cite This For Me for free and select your chosen style.
Are you struggling with citing an unfamiliar source type? Or feeling confused about whether to cite a piece of common knowledge? This guide will tell you everything you need to know to get both your parenthetical Harvard citations and reference list completed quickly and accurately.
Why do I Need to Cite?
Harvard referencing can be a confusing task, especially if you are new to the concept, but it’s absolutely essential. In fact, accurate and complete referencing can mean the difference between reaching your academic goals and damaging your reputation amongst scholars. Simply put – referencing is the citing of sources you have utilised to support your essay, research, conference or article etc.
Even if you are using our Harvard style citation generator, understanding why you need to cite will go a long way in helping you to naturally integrate the process into your research and writing routine.
Firstly, whenever another source contributes to your work you must give the original author the appropriate credit in order to avoid plagiarism, even when you have completely reworded the information. The only exception to this rule is common knowledge – e.g. Barack Obama is President of the United States. Whilst plagiarism is not always intentional, it is easy to accidentally plagiarize your work when you are under pressure from imminent deadlines, you have managed your time ineffectively, or if you lack confidence when putting ideas into your own words. The consequences can be severe; deduction of marks at best, expulsion from college or legal action from the original author at worst. Find out more here.
This may sound overwhelming, but plagiarism can be easily avoided by using our Harvard citation generator and carrying out your research and written work thoughtfully and responsibly. We have compiled a handy checklist to follow whilst you are working on an assignment.
How to avoid plagiarism:
- Formulate a detailed plan – carefully outline both the relevant content you need to include, as well as how you plan on structuring your work
- Keep track of your sources – record all of the relevant publication information as you go (e.g. If you are citing a book you should note the author or editor’s name(s), year of publication, title, edition number, city of publication and name of publisher). Carefully save each quote, word-for-word, and place it in inverted commas to differentiate it from your own words. Tired of interrupting your workflow to cite? Use our Harvard referencing generator to automate the process
- Manage your time effectively – make use of time plans and targets, and give yourself enough time to read, write and proofread
- When you are paraphrasing information, make sure that you use only your own words and a sentence structure that differs from the original text
- Save all of your research and citations in a safe place – organise and manage your Harvard style citations.
If you carefully check your college or publisher’s advice and guidelines on citing and stick to this checklist, you should be confident that you will not be accused of plagiarism.
Secondly, proving that your writing is informed by appropriate academic reading will enhance your work’s authenticity. Academic writing values original thought that analyzes and builds upon the ideas of other scholars. It is therefore important to use Harvard style referencing to accurately signpost where you have used someone else’s ideas in order to show that your writing is based on knowledge and informed by appropriate academic reading. Citing your sources will demonstrate to your reader that you have delved deeply into your chosen topic and supported your thesis with expert opinions.
Here at Cite This For Me we understand how precious your time is, which is why we created our Harvard citation generator and guide to help relieve the unnecessary stress of citing. Escape assignment-hell and give yourself more time to focus on the content of your work by using Cite This For Me citation management tool.
Harvard Referencing Guidelines by School
- Anglia University Harvard Referencing
- Bournemouth University Harvard Referencing
- Cardiff University Harvard Referencing
- Coventry University Harvard Referencing
- DMU Harvard Referencing
- Edge Hill University Harvard Referencing
- Imperial College University Harvard Referencing
- Leeds University Harvard Referencing
- LSBU Harvard Referencing
- MMU Harvard Referencing
- SHU Harvard Referencing
- Staffordshire University Harvard Referencing
- UCA Harvard Referencing
- UWE Harvard Referencing
- UWS Harvard Referencing
- Wolverhampton University Harvard Referencing
How do I Create and Format In-text Harvard Style Citations?
In-text citations are the perfect way to seamlessly integrate sources into your work, allowing you to strengthen the connection between your own ideas, and the source material that you have found, with ease. It is worth noting that in-text citations must be included in your assignment’s final word count.
When adopting Harvard style referencing in your work, if you are inserting a quote, statement, statistic or any other kind of source information into the main body of your essay you should:
- Provide the author’s surname and date of publication in brackets right after the taken information or at the end of the sentence
There are many assumptions when it comes to the information processing approach to cognition… (Lutz and Huitt, 2004).
- If you have already mentioned the author in the sentence, Harvard referencing guidelines require you to only enter the year of publication in parentheses, directly after where the author’s surname is mentioned
In the overview of these developmental theories, Lutz and Huitt (2004) suggest that…
- If you are quoting a particular section of the source (rather than the entire work), you should also include a page number, or page range, after the date, within the parenthetical Harvard citation
“…the development of meaning is more important than the acquisition of a large set of knowledge or skills …” (Lutz and Huitt, 2004, p.8), which means that …
- Note that if the source has four or more authors, you do not need to write out all of their surnames; simply use the first author’s surname followed by the abbreviation ‘et al.’ (meaning ‘and others’) in italics
Why use a Harvard referencing tool? As well as saving you valuable time, Cite This For Me generator will enable you to easily avoid common errors when formatting your in-text citations. So, if you’re looking for an easy and free way to credit your source material, simply login to your Cite This For Me account, select ‘Cite Them Right 10th Edition – Harvard’, then ‘Create reference’, to copy, save and export each in-text Harvard citation instantly.
How do I Format My Reference List?
Utilizing and building on a wide range of relevant sources is a guaranteed way of impressing your reader, and a comprehensive list of the source material you have used is the perfect platform to exhibit your research efforts. The brief in-text Harvard style citations in your work should directly link to your reference list.
As a general rule a reference list includes every source that you have cited in your work, whilst a bibliography also contains any relevant background reading which you have consulted (even those sources that are never mentioned in the narrative). Your bibliography should start on its own page, with the same formatting as the rest of the paper and aligned to the left with the sources listed alphabetically. Many people use the terms ‘reference list’ and ‘bibliography’ interchangeably, and if you are using the Harvard reference style you may be required to provide a bibliography as well as a reference list, so be sure to check this with your tutor.
Follow these guidelines when compiling your reference list:
- Start your reference list on a new page at the end of your document
- General formatting should be in keeping with the rest of your work
- Use ‘Reference List’ as the heading
- Copy each of your full-length Harvard citations into a list
- Arrange the list in alphabetical order by the author’s last name (titles with no author are alphabetized by the work’s title, and if you are citing two or more sources by the same author they should be listed in chronological order of the year of publication)
- When there are several works from one author or source, they should be listed together but in date order – with the earliest work listed first
- Italicize titles of books, reports, conference proceedings etc. For journal articles, the title of the journal should be printed in italics, rather than the title of the journal article
- Capitalize the first letter of the publication title, the first letters of all main words in the title of a journal, and all first letters of a place name and publisher
Creating and managing your reference list with Cite This For Me’s Harvard referencing generator will transform and improve the way you reference and conduct research.
Reference list / bibliography examples:
- Book, one author:
Bell, J. (2010) Doing your research project. 5th edn. Maidenhead: Open University Press.
- One author, book, multiple editions:
Hawking, S.W. (1998) A brief history of time: From the big bang to black holes. 10th edn. New York: Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group.
If all information resembles a book, use the template for a book reference.
If a page number is unavailable, use chapter number. URL links are not necessary, but can be useful. When including a URL, include the date the book was downloaded at the end of the Harvard citation:
Available at: URL (Downloaded: DD Month YYYY)
- More than three authors, journal article*:
Shakoor, S., et al. (2011) ‘A prospective longitudinal study of children’s theory of mind and adolescent involvement in bullying’, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53(3), pp. 254–261. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02488.x.
- Conference papers:
Drogen, E. (2014) ‘Changing how we think about war: The role of psychology’, The British Psychological Society 2014 Annual Conference. The ICC, Birmingham British Psychological Society, 07-09 May 2014.
Are you struggling to find all of the publication information to complete a reference? Did you know that our Harvard citation generator can do it for you?
Time is of the essence when you’re finishing a paper, but there’s no need to panic because you can compile your reference list in a matter of seconds using Cite This For Me’s Harvard style citation generator.
Harvard Referencing Formatting Guidelines
Accurate referencing doesn’t only protect your work from plagiarism – presenting your source material in a consistent and clear way also enhances the readability of your work. Closely follow the style’s formatting rules on font type, font size, text-alignment and line spacing to ensure that your work is easily legible. Before submitting your work check that you have formatted your whole paper – including your reference list – according to the style’s formatting guidelines.
How to format in Harvard referencing:
- Margins: 2.5cm on all sides
- Shortened title followed by the page number in the header, aligned to the right
- Double-space the entirety of the paper
- ½ inch indentation for every new paragraph (press tab bar)
- Suggested fonts: Times New Roman, Arial and Courier New for Windows; Times New Roman, Helvetica and Courier for Mac, 12pt size. Ensure that all Harvard citations are in the same font as the rest of the work
- Reference list titled ‘Bibliography’ on a separate page at the end of the body of your work
Even when using a Harvard citation generator, always check with your professor for specified guidelines – there is no unified style for the formatting of a paper. Make sure that you apply the recommended formatting rules consistently throughout your work.
A Brief History of the Harvard Reference Style
The author-date system is attributed to eminent zoologist Edward Laurens Mark (1847-1946), Hersey professor of anatomy and director of Harvard’s zoological laboratory. It is widely agreed that the first evidences of Harvard referencing can be traced back to Mark’s landmark cytological paper (Chernin, 1988). The paper breaks away from previous uses of inconsistent and makeshift footnotes through its use of a parenthetical author-date citation accompanied by an explanatory footnote.
- Parenthetic author-year citation, page 194 of Mark’s 1881 paper:
[…] The appearance may be due solely to reflection from the body itself. (Comp. Flemming, ‘78b, p. 310.*)
- Mark’s rationale for his Harvard citational scheme:
*The numbers immediately following an author’s name serve the double purpose of referring the reader to the list (p. 591) where the titles of papers are given, and of informing him at once of the approximate date of the paper in question.
A tribute dedicated to Mark in 1903 by 140 students credits Mark’s paper with having ‘introduced into zoology a proper fullness and accuracy of citation and a convenient and uniform method of referring from text to bibliography’ (Parker, 1903). Today Harvard referencing is widely considered one of the most accessible styles and, although it originated in biology, these days it is used across most subjects – particularly in the humanities, history and social science.
The Evolution of the Harvard Referencing Style
Due to its simplicity and ease of use, the format has become one of the most widely used citation styles in the world. Unlike many citing styles there is no official manual, but institutions such as colleges offer their own unique Harvard reference style guide, and each has its own nuances when it comes to punctuation, order of information and formatting rules. Simply go to the Cite This For Me website to login to your Cite This For Me account and search for the version you need. Make sure you apply consistency throughout your work.
It is increasingly easy for writers to access information and knowledge via the internet, and in turn both the style’s guidelines and our open-generator are continually updated to include developments in electronic publishing. Cite This For Me’s Harvard style citation generator currently uses the Cite Them Right 10th Edition, which has evolved in recent years to match the rapidly advancing digital age. In order to avoid plagiarism, you must be cautious about pulling information from the internet, and ensure that you accurately cite all source material used in your written work – including all online sources that have contributed to your research.
Key differences from previous Cite Them Right editions:
- Previous editions required printed books and eBooks to be referenced differently – in the 10th edition, both are now referenced using the same template (if all the necessary information is available). An Ebook is considered to be the digital format of a published book (or a book that is only published in digital format) that is meant for reading on an electronic device
- URLs are no longer a requirement for digital media if the information provided in the Harvard citation is sufficient to find the source without it. They should be included if the source is difficult to find, or pieces of source information – such as an author name – are missing
- If you have more than 3 authors for a source, you are now encouraged to use the abbreviation “et al.” instead of listing each author.
These days students draw on a diverse range of digital sources to support their written work. The Cite This For Me generator will take care of all your Harvard citations, regardless of the type of source you want to cite. So don’t be held back by sources that are difficult to cite – locating unusual source material will help your work to stand out from the crowd.
How do I Create Accurate Harvard Citations?
Creating complete and correctly formatted citations can be a challenge for many writers, especially when documenting multiple source types. Our primary goal at Cite This For Me is to offer support to students and researchers across the globe by transforming the way in which they perceive citing. We hope that after using our open-generator and reading this Harvard referencing guide, what was once considered an arduous process, will be viewed as a highly valued skill that enhances the quality of your work.
Disheartened by the stressful process of citing? Got a fast-approaching deadline? Using Cite This For Me’s fast, accessible and free generator makes creating accurate citations easier than ever, leaving more time for you to focus on achieving your academic goals.
Create a free account to add and edit each Harvard citation on the spot, import and export full projects or individual entries, utilise our add-ons and save your work in the cloud.
Cite on-the-go with your mobile phone or tablet – when you scan the barcode of your book with the mobile app, the generator will automatically add the fully-formatted citation to your chosen project.
Cite This For Me’s citation management tool is here to help you, so what are you waiting for? Accurate Harvard citations are just a click away!
Reference List
Chernin, E. (1988) The ‘Harvard System’: A mystery dispelled. Available at: http://www.uefap.com/writing/referenc/harvard.pdf (Accessed: 4 July 2016).
Parker, G. (ed.) (1903) Mark anniversary volume. New York: Henry Holt.

Manage all your citations in one place
Create projects, add notes, cite directly from the browser and scan books’ barcodes with a mobile app.
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How to Cite a Web Article in APA
Last Updated: December 5, 2022 References
This article was co-authored by wikiHow staff writer, Jennifer Mueller, JD . Jennifer Mueller is a wikiHow Content Creator. She specializes in reviewing, fact-checking, and evaluating wikiHow's content to ensure thoroughness and accuracy. Jennifer holds a JD from Indiana University Maurer School of Law in 2006. This article has been viewed 47,416 times. Learn more...
If you're writing a research paper, it's likely that many of the articles you use as sources will come from the internet. If you're using the citation style of the American Psychological Association (APA), the format of your Reference List entry will differ if you're citing an online article as opposed to a print article. Any time you quote or paraphrase from the source, you'll also need to include an in-text citation at the end of the sentence.
Reference List Entry

- Example: Potter, H. J.
- If the article was written by a corporation or organization, simply list that name as the author. If you see an article on a corporation or organization's website with no specific author attributed, use the corporation or organization as the author.

- Example: Potter, H. J. (2019, March 22).

- Example: Potter, H. J. (2019, March 22). Statistical probability of the reappearance of Voldemort . [4] X Research source

- Example: Potter, H. J. (2019, March 22). Statistical probability of the reappearance of Voldemort . The Leaky Cauldron. [6] X Research source http://www.leakycauldron.org/article/potter_3_22.html
APA Reference List Format — Web Article
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Date). Title of article in sentence case . Site. URL
In-Text Citation

- For example, you might write: After Voldemort was vanquished, the odds of him returning are fairly insignificant (Potter, 2019). [8] X Trustworthy Source Purdue Online Writing Lab Trusted resource for writing and citation guidelines Go to source
Tip: If you have several different articles written by the same author in the same year, include the title of the articles in your parenthetical citations to distinguish them from one another.

- For example, you might write: Potter (2019) remains convinced there is a chance, however slight, that Voldemort could return to terrorize the Wizarding World. [10] X Trustworthy Source Purdue Online Writing Lab Trusted resource for writing and citation guidelines Go to source

- For example, you might write: Although the Wizarding World faces many other threats, the return of Voldemort is an outside possibility that witches and wizards "ignore at their peril" (Potter, 2019, p. 7). [12] X Research source
- Follow the same format with direct quotes as you would with a paraphrase if you include the author's name in your text. For example, you might write: Despite the horror inflicted and lives lost, Potter (2019) insists that "many would actually rejoice if Voldemort were to return" (p. 4).
- Many online articles don't have page numbers. If that's the case, you can use a paragraph number or the title of a section to help your readers locate the quoted material more quickly. For example, you might write: Despite the relatively low chance that Voldemort will return, all witches and wizards "remain alert for subtle signs of the Dark Lord's possible resurgence" (Potter, 2019, para. 9). [13] X Research source
Expert Q&A
You might also like.

- ↑ https://columbiacollege-ca.libguides.com/apa/websites
- ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/reference_list_electronic_sources.html
- ↑ https://libraryguides.vu.edu.au/apa-referencing/7Webpages
- ↑ https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples/webpage-website-references
- ↑ https://guides.libraries.psu.edu/apaquickguide/intext
- ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/in_text_citations_the_basics.html
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- Understanding Types of Business Articles
Articles from a Journal's website
- Blogs, Forums, Podcasts, Video Logs
Company Information from Database
- Figures & Tables
Financial Reports
Industry/analyst report from database (with author), journal articles from online databases, market reports from databases, newspaper articles and news wires from databases.
- Personal Communications (such as e-mail and interviews)
- Sources within a Source & SimplyMap
Case Studies
- University of Washington Libraries
- Library Guides
- *Cite and Analyze Business Information
- Cite Online Sources in APA Format
*Cite and Analyze Business Information: Cite Online Sources in APA Format
Basic Citation Format for Journal Articles from Databases:
Author, A., & Author, B. (Date). Article title. Periodical Title, volume(issue), pages.* Retrieved from database name.
NOTES: *If online articles do not give page numbers, you will not be able to include them in your citation.
Citation Examples with author:
Cho, A., & Newcomb, T. (2014). DOTs are gaining "Complete Streets" smarts. ENR: Engineering News-Record , 282(11), 36. Retrieved from: Business Source Complete database.
Intext citation: ( Cho & Newcomb, 2014 )
Citation Example with no author:
Fatal distraction. (2013, Nov 30). The Economist, 409(8864), n/a. Retrieved from Proquest database.
Intext citation: ( Fatal distraction , 2013)
Basic Citation Format for Articles from a Journal's Website:
Author, A., Author, B., & Author, C. (Year). Article title. Periodical Title, volume(issue), pages. doi: xx.xxxxxxxxxx*
About Digital Object Identifier (DOI): A doi is a unique number publishers sometimes assign to journal articles. Providing a doi in the citation makes it easier for readers to find an online version of the work being cited. However, do not worry if you cannot find it on the article since many articles do not have a doi.
*If DOI is not available, give the exact URL or the home page URL for the journal, newsletter, or magazine in the reference. Use format: Retrieved from http://www.xxxxxxxxx
Examples with DOI:
Ye, Y., Yin, J., & Xu, Y. (2014, Jan 15). Social network supported process recommender system. ScientificWorldJournal . doi:10.1155/2014/349065
Intext citation: (Ye, Yin, & Xu, 2014)
Examples without DOI :
Weise, K. (2014, April 8). The Government Knows if You'll Pay Taxes Early or Wait Until the Last Minute. Bloomberg BusinessWeek . Retrieved from http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-04-08/the-government-knows-if-youll-pay-taxes-early-or-wait-til-the-last-minute#r=hpt-ls
Intext citation: (Weise, 2014)
Citation Example for Newspaper Articles or Newswires from Databases:
Brody, J. E. (2007, December 11). Mental reserves keep brain agile. The New York Times. Retrieved from Lexis-Nexis database.
Intext citation: (Brody, 2007)
NOTE: There may not be a page number
Entire Website:
Citation Format:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. Page title. Website title. Retrieved Date, from http://Web address
Citation Example:
Federal Consumer Information Center. Retrieved October 27, 2014, from http://www.pueblo.gsa.gov
Specific Document on a Website:
These citations often follow a similar format to print sources when possible.
Citation Examples:
Federal Trade Commission. (2014, March 27). FTC proposes changes to fuel rating rule [Press Release]. Retrieved from http://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2014/03/ftc-proposes-changes-fuel-rating-rule
Intext citation: (Federal Trade Commission, 2014)
Brown, Abram. (2014, March 3). Forbes billionaires: Full list of the richest Americans. Forbes.com. Retrieved April 28 2014, from http://www.forbes.com/sites/abrambrown/2014/03/03/forbes-billionaires-full-list-of-the-richest-americans/
Intext citation: (Brown, 2014)
Nike, Inc. (2013). 2013 Annual Report. Retrieved from http://investors.nikeinc.com/Investors/Financial-Reports-and-Filings/Annual-Reports/default.aspx
Intext citation: (Nike, Inc., 2013)
NOTE: - When refering to the company website for multiple documents, identify each document in the text of the paper or the intext citation, e.g., (Nike, Inc., 2013 Annual Report), as well as in the bibliography separately.
- Retrieval Date is ONLY NEEDED when content is changeable or can be updated (e.g., company profile). Therefore, journal, newsletter, newspaper, magazine articles and books do not need retrieval dates.
- If no date is given on the website, use [n.d.], which stands for "no date."
Blogs, Discussion Forums, & Newsgroups
For information retrieved from blogs (referred to as weblogs), discussion forums, newsgroups weblog posts or weblog comment :
Basic Citation Format:
Author, A.A. (year, month day). Title of posted item [description of form]. Retrieved from URL.
NOTE:
- Do not italicize title
- if no author name, use screen name, if no screen name, use the title
- blog is referred to as a weblog
- try to use a permanent link (aka permalink), if available
Citation Example of Online forum comment:
Losing_hair (2010, October 19). Re: How do I get more traffic on my website? [online forum comment]. Retrieved from http://smallbusinessonlinecommunity.bankofamerica.com/thread/28586?tstart=0.
Intext citation: (Losing_hair, 2010)
Citation Example of Weblog (blog) post:
Ritholtz, B. (2010, October 20). Darwin's law of maladaptive corporate behavior (or, why bailouts are nearly always a terrible idea) [weblog post]. Retrieved from http://www.ritholtz.com/blog/2010/10/darwins-corporate-survival.
Intext citation: (Ritholtz, 2010)
Citation Example of Weblog (blog) comment:
Cherub96. (2010, October 20). Re: Darwin's law of maladaptive corporate behavior (or, why bailouts are nearly always a terrible idea) [weblog comment]. Retrieved from http://www.ritholtz.com/blog/2010/10/darwins-corporate-survival
Intext citation: (Cherub96, 2010)
Podcasts & Video Logs
Use format below to cite information retrieved from podcasts and video logs:
Producer, A. (Producer). (year, month day). Title [Audio podcast or Video File]. Retrieved from URL.
- If the producer is not specified, use the show name (i.e. Money, Markets & More), or if not a show, use the host name/screen name
- Try to use a permanent/persistent link (aka permalink), if available
Citation Example of Podcast using the host's name:
Magrid, L. (2010, July 21). Flipboard CEO on his iPad 'social magazine (podcast)' [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://news.cnet.com/8301-30977_3-20011281-10347072.html.
Intext citation: (Magrid, 2010)
Citation Example of Video Log using the screen name:
Moneyandmarkets. (2010, October 22). Money and markets-quantitative easing, part I [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b3DIXS4SSmA.
Intext citation: (Moneyandmarkets, 2010)
Gino, F. (2013). Fighting a Government Threat. Harvard Business Review , 91 (3), 123-127. Retrieved from Busi ness Source Complete database.
Intext citation: ( Gino , 2013 )
Citation Examples with two or more authors:
Ericson, T.J. Alsop, R., Nicholson, P., & Miller, J. (2009). Gen Y in the workplace. Harvard Business Review , 87(2), 43-49. Retrieved from Busi ness Source Complete database.
Intext citation: ( Ericson , Alsop, Nicholson & Miller, 20 09 )

Personal Communications & Recorded Interviews
Personal Communications (e.g., interviews, emails):
When personal communications such as interviews or emails are not recoverable by readers, they are not included in the references unless the instructor requires it . However, they must be cited intext . For more information, see APA style manual (6th edition) p. 179 and pp. 213-215.
Recorded Interviews (e.g., audi o or video) :
Nordstrom, E. (2014, March 20). UW Bothell Icons of Retail Conversation with Erik Nordstrom. (Spector R., Interviewer) [Video]. Retrieved from http://youtu.be/taAWMIRsEx4
NOTE: Interviews in publications are cited according to the print or online journal format.
NOTE: If you have questions, please (1) check with the UWB Writing and Communication Center or (2) consult the APA website
Online Abstract
Author, A. & Author, B. (Date). Article Title. Periodical Title, volume (issue) , pages. Abstract retrieved from
If you are unable to obtain the full article, instructors may allow use of information from an abstract; however, the citation must indicate the information came from an abstract. Information from abstracts should not be used for material being published.
Example of Abstract from a Database:
Mehra, A. & Floyd, S.W. (1998, July-August). Product market heterogeneity, resource imitability and strategic group formation. Journal of Management , 24(4) , 511-512. Abstract retrieved from Expanded Academic ASAP database.
Intext Citation: (Mehra & Floyd, 1998)
Example of Abstract from Web:
Lassen, S.R., Steele, M.M., & Sailor, W. (2006). the relationship of school-wide positive behavior support to academic in an urban middle school. Pschology in the Schools, 43, 701-712. Abstract retrieved from http://www.interscience.wiley.com
Basic Citation Format for Financial Reports:
Author. (Date). Document title. Retrieved from (File Name and number--if available--and any other information needed to trace the report)
Citation Examples from a Database:
When the company is the author:
General Electric Co. (2009). SEC Form 10-K for the Year Ended December 31, 2009. Retrieved from Lexis-Nexis Academic database.
Intext citation: (General Electric Co., 2008)
Twitter, Inc. (2014). SEC Form 10-K for the Year Ended December 31, 2013. Retrieved SEC EDGAR website http://www.sec.gov/edgar.shtml
Intext citation: (Twitter, 2014)
When the company is not the author:
Disclosure Incorporated. (2009). International Business Machines: Disclosure report . Retrieved from Lexis-Nexis database. (Disclosure Company Number: I510600000 )
Intext citation: (Disclosure Incorporated, 2009)
Citation Example from a Free Web Site:
Texas Instruments. (2010). 2010 Annual Report to Shareholders. Retrieved from http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/investor/ar10/index.html
Intext citation: (Texas Instruments, 2010)
Standard & Poor's. (2012, October 30). Google Inc. Standard & Poor's Stock Reports . Retrieved from Standard and Poor's NetAdvantage database.
Intext citation: (Standard & Poor's, 2012)
MarketLine. (2012, August 30). Costco Wholesale Corporation: Company profile . Retrieved from Business Source Complete database.
Intext citation: (MarketLine, 2012)
Hoover's, Inc. (2009). International Business Machines: Company profile: Index. Retrieved May 1, 2009, from Hoover's database.
Intext citation: (Hoover's, 2009)
Mergent. (2013). Nike, Inc. company details report. Retrieved February 14, 2013, from Mergent database.
Intext Citation: (Mergent, 2013)
NOTE: Retrieval Date is included when the content can change or be updated such as a company profile (See Hoover's example above). Other examples on this page have exact dates so if information changes, it will be included in a new report.
Green, W. J. & Longson, A. (2009, April 19). Freight transportation. Freight pulse 16: Rail pricing resilient; Trucks to face more challenges . Morgon Stanley Industry View. Retrieved from Thomson Research database.
Intext citation: (Green & Longson, 2009)
Kaczanowska, A. (2012, June). IBISWorld Industry Report OD4302. Craft Beer Production in the US . Retrieved from IBISWorld database.
Intext citation: ( Kaczanowska , 20 12 )
Jewelry Manufacturing: Industry profile. (201 3 , September 3 0 ). Retrieved from First Research database .
Intext citation: (Jewelry Manufacturing , 20 1 3 )
Buhl, L. (2009, January). U.S. market for seafood, with a focus on fresh . Rockville, MD: Packaged Facts. Retrieved from Marketresearch database.
Intext citation: (Buhl, 2009)
SRDS Media Solutions- Market Potential Report. (2011). Like Trends Towards Healthier Fast Food [Data file] . Retrieved from SRDS media solutions database.
Intext citation: (SRDS, 2011)
Citation Example with 1 variable:
Head of household income in Seattle. Census 2009 Estimate. Retrieved from SimplyMap database (map).
Intext citation: (Head of household income in Seattle, 2009)
Citation Example with 2 variables:
Head of household income and bacon consumption in Seattle. Census 2009 Estimate and Simmons Data 2009. Retrieved from SimplyMap database (report).
Intext citation: (Head of household income and bacon, 2009)
List all major variables used (i.e. income, automotive sales, etc). Identify the map or report used or referenced in the project.
Since there are two references with similar titles (Head of household...), use a longer title for the Intext Citation. The entire title is not necessary, but just enough for the reader to identify the report in the reference list.
Sources within a Source
Sometimes a source refers to information from another source. You must cite both sources. Also:
- If the information retrieved will not change, a retreival date is not necessary.
- If a citation is given to you, make sure it complies with APA format.
Author, A., Author, B., & Author, C. (Date). Article title. Periodical Title, volume(issue), pages. Retrieved from db-name database.
Citation Example of an article within a company profile database:
Epperson, L. (2010). Apple Incorporated: Products and Operations . Retrieved April 14, 2011 from Hoover's database.
Intext citation: (Epperson, 2010)
Citation Example of an analyst report retrieved from a database:
Norris, M., Pawlowski, W. (2010, July 1). Business of consumer book publishing, 62-63. Simba Information . Retrieved from MarketResearch database.
Intext citation: (Norris & Pawlowski, 2010)
Euromonitor International. (2014, March 25). Packaged Food in Singapore. Retrieved from Euromonitor Passport GMID database.
Intext citation: (Euromonitor International, 2014)
Citation Example of a retrieved item with multiple information sources listed:
SPINScan. (2010, April). Organic food market, 2009. Grocery Headquarters , 147. Retrieved from Market Share Reporter database.
Intext citation: (SPINSscan, 2010)
K ennedy , A. (2011). A near-purr-fect PL market. Private Label Buyer , 25 (9), 36-37. Retrieved February 2, 20 13 , from RDS TableBase database.
Intext citation: ( K ennedy , 201 1 )
NOTE: In this case, SPINSscan is the author, Grocery Headquarters is the periodical. You do not need to cite Gale, Cengage Learning because it is an intermediary. No retrieval date is needed because it is a published article that can't be modified.
e-books from an e-book provider (database such as Gale) :
Editor, A . (Date). Book title . Location: Publisher. Retrieved from <E-book Provider/Platform>.
Intext citation: (Author or Editor last name, Date)
Kolb, R. (Ed.). (2008). Encyclopedia of business, ethics and society . Los Angeles: Sage Publications. Retrieved from Gale Virtual Reference Library.
e-books on the free Web:
General Citation Format:
Author, A. (Date). Book Title. <DOI or Available from URL>
Weathington, B. L., Cunningham, C. J. L., & Pittenger, D. J. (2012). Understanding business research . Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley & Sons. doi: 10.1002/9781118342978.
Intext citation: ( Weathington, Cunningham, & Pittenger , 20 12 )
Huxley, A. (1958, 2000 electronic edition). Brave new world revisited . New York: Rosetta Books. Electronic edition available from http://www.wowio.com/users/product.asp?BookId=42
Intext citation: ( Huxley , 1958, 20 00 )
Example of Work Cited in Another Work :
Boxall, P. & Purcell, J. (2008). Strategy and human resource management . New York: Palgrave Macmillan. In Budhwar, P. S. & Bhatnagar, J. (Eds). (2009). The changing face of people managment in India . (p. 162). New York: Routledge. Available from EBL E-book Library.
Intext citation: ( Boxall & Purcell , 20 08 )
Citing a Chapter of an e-book:
Author, A.A., & Author B.B. (Date). Title of chapter. In A. Editor & B. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pp.xxx-xxx). City, State_Abbreviation:Publisher. Retrieved from Resource_Name/URL.
Anicama, C. (2011). Business responsibilities and human rights in Latin America: Lessons and inspiration for the future. In K. Bhuman, L. Roseberry, & M. Morsing (Eds.), Corporate social and human rights responsibilities (pp.185-201). New York, NY:Palgrave Macmillan. Retrieved from EBL database.
Intext citation: ( Anicama , 201 1 )
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Fundamentals of APA
American Psychological Association (APA) style includes parenthetical in-text citations and a reference list .
APA uses parenthetical citations as its form of in-text citation. Provide a parenthetical citation before the period directly following the information you are citing. These citations should correspond to a more detailed citation in the reference list but only need to specify a page number if directly quoting or borrowing from the source material. The essential elements for this in-text citation are the author's last name and the date for the specific publications. The last name may be omitted if the sentence states or makes clear the source material.
APA uses a reference list , an alphabetized list of sources following the end of the book or paper, for its complete list of sources referenced. This list should be titled "References" in bold and alphabetized by the first item in the citation, which, in most cases, is the author's last name. Each reference from this list must be cited in your paper and vice versa.
Basic Format
Author Last Name, Author First Initial. (Year of publication). Title . Publisher Name.
Print Articles
Author Last Name, Author First Initial, & Author Last Name, Author First Initial. (Year). Article Title. Periodical Title , volume number(issue number), pages.
Electronic Articles
Author Last Name, Author First Initial. (Year). Article Title. Periodical Title , volume number(issue number), pages. doi or static url.
Physical Images/Artwork
Artist Last Name, Artist First Initial. (Year). Artwork Title [medium]. Host Institution Name, City, State, Country. URL of institution.
Electronic Images/Artwork
Artist Last Name, Artist First Initial. (Year). Image Title [medium]. Source Title. URL of image.
In-text Citation Examples
Standard case :
"Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet , consectetur adipiscing elit" (Last name, 2000, p.10).
If the author is not available , the title of the source may be used:
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet , consectetur adipiscing elit ("Source title", 2000, pp.10-11).
If multiple authors cited have the same last name , use the author's first initial along with their last name:
"Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet , consectetur adipiscing elit" (E. Bronte, 1847, p.10).
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet , consectetur adipiscing elit (C. Bronte, 1847, p.10).
Full Citation Examples for the Reference List
Archival material :
Child, J. (1974). Journal, 1974 . [Unpublished journal]. Papers of Julia Child, 1925-1993(MC 644, item 4). Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America, Radcliffe Institute, https://id.lib.harvard.edu/ead/c/ sch00222c00006 /catalog .
Child, P. (1967). Julia Child at the White House [Photograph]. Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America, Radcliffe Institute, https://id.lib.harvard.edu/images/olvwork539731/urn-3:RAD.SCHL:4510469/catalog.
Beck, S., Bertholle, L., & Child, J. (1961). Mastering the art of French cooking. Knopf.
Child, J. & Child, P. (1968). The French chef cookbook . Alfred A. Knopf .
Journal article :
Muneal, M. (2011). Studies in Popular Culture , 34(1), 152–154. www.jstor.org/stable/23416357.
Nussbaum, D. (2005). "In Julia Child's Kitchen, October 5 1998". Gastronomica , 5(3), 29-38. doi: 10.1525/gfc.2005.5.3.29.
- APA Style website The online version of the APA Style Manual, this website offers to help with the technical elements of formatting in APA as well as writing and citing your work.
- Purdue OWL APA Guide The Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) is one of the most complete citation guides available online. The APA Guide explains how to format a paper in APA and breaks down citations by type with numerous examples.
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Q. How do I cite a case study in Harvard Business Review?
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Harvard Business Review - Case Studies
This format would apply to any business case including Harvard Business Review, Ivey and MIT Sloane cases:
Author(s). Name of the case. Business Case. City. Publisher. Date. Format (Print or Web) If your format is Web include the date it was accessed. EXAMPLE: Yoffe, David B. and Renee Kim. Apple Inc in 2010. Case Study. Boston. Harvard Business Publishing, 2010. Web. 28 October 2010.
APA Format
Harvard Business School Case Study
Citation elements required and general format:
Author(s). (Year). Title of case study . HBS No. number of case study. City, State abbreviation or Country of publication: Publisher. EXAMPLES:
One Author:
Smith, S. (2003). Leadership. HBS No. 7-806-122. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Publishing.
Two Authors:
Eisenmann, T., & Herman, K. (2006). Google, Inc. HBS No. 9-806-105. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Publishing.
In-text citation examples – Harvard Business School Case Study
APA in-text citations include the author’s last name, the year of publication, and the page number (for quotes), either as part of the text of your paper or in parentheses.
…as the case study concluded (Smith, 2003, p. 6).
Smith reported (2003, p. 6) that the data was flawed.
Eisenmann and Herman did agree on the research findings (2006, p. 11).
… as both researchers agreed (Eisenmann & Herman, 2006, p. 11).
Chicago Manual of Style ( PDF selections copied from Grove City College Henry Buhl Library)
CASES (PRINTED)
Footnote
Mikołaj Jan Piskorski and David Chen, “Twitter,” HBS No. 710-455 (Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing, 2010), p. 8.
Bibliography
Piskorski , Mikołaj Jan, and David Chen. “Twitter.” HBS No. 710-455. Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing, 2010.
CASES (ONLINE)
On the Web
Amy C. Edmondson and Laura R. Feldman, “Group Process in the Challenger Launch Decision (A),” HBS No. 603-068 (Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing, 2002), http://hbsp.harvard.edu, accessed October 2012.
Edmondson, Amy C., and Laura R. Feldman. “Group Process in the Challenger Launch Decision (A).” HBS No. 603-068. Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing, 2002. http://hbsp. harvard.edu, accessed September 2007.
Michael J. Enright et al., “Daewoo and the Korean Chaebol,” University of Hong Kong case no. HKU143 (University of Hong Kong, August 2001), via Harvard Business Publishing, http://hbsp.harvard.edu/, accessed March 2007.
Bibliography
Enright, Michael J., et al. “Daewoo and the Korean Chaebol.” University of Hong Kong case no. HKU143 (University of Hong Kong, August 2001). Harvard Business Publishing. http://hbsp.harvard.edu/, accessed March 2007.
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Citing Business Sources | APA Style
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Annual Report
Article in print or pdf, article from database with doi, article from database without doi, marketresearch.com academic, mergent online, privco (cited from pdf), swot analysis from business source premier, u.s. census bureau.
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Microsoft Corporation. (2007). Annual Report. Retrieved from https://www.microsoft.com/investor/reports/ar07/staticversion/index.html
Ericson, T.J. Alsop, R., Nicholson, P., & Miller, J. (2009). Gen Y in the workplace. Harvard Business Review, 87(2), 43-49.
Twenge, J.M. & Campbell S.M (2009). Generational differences in psychological traits and their impact on the workplace. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 23(8), 862-877.doi:10.1108/02683940810904367
Ericson, T.J. Alsop, R., Nicholson, P., & Miller, J. (2009). Gen Y in the workplace. Harvard Business Review , 87(2), 43-49. Retrieved February 10, 2009 from Business Source Premier database.
BizMiner. (2015, June). Industry Financial Report (5 year); All US; [713940]Fitness and Recreational Sports Centers; Sector: Arts-Entertainment Recreation; Sales Class: $25m-$49.9m. Retrieved from Bizminer database.
Conniff, R. (2005). The ape in the corner office: Understanding the workplace beast in all of us. New York: Crown Business.
Zwolak, Roman. (2010). Bowling alleys in the US (IBISWorld Industry Report 71395) . Retrieved from IBISWorld database.
Packaged Facts. (2017, November). Online grocery shopping in the U.S. Retrieved from MarketResearch.com Academic database.
Mergent, Inc. (n.d.). Apple, Inc.: Company details. Retrieved September 28, 2015 from Mergent Online .
Mintel. (2009). Ice cream and frozen novelties – US – May 2009. Retrieved from Mintel Oxygen database.
PrivCo. (2015, September 24). Uber Technologies, Inc.: Private company financial report. Retrieved from PrivCo database.
MarketLine. (2015, May 1). McDonald's Corporation . [Company profile]. Retrieved from Business Source Premier database.
U.S. Census Bureau. (2008). 2008 Zip Code business patterns (NAICS). Retrieved from http://censtats.census.gov/cbpnaic/cbpnaic.shtml .
U.S. Census Bureau. (2008-2012). Chico city, California: ACS demographic and housing estimates. American Community Survey 5-year estimates. Retrieved from http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_12_5YR_DP05 .
National Restaurant Association (2008, November 14). Restaurant industry at a glance. Retrieved December 10, 2008 from http://www.restaurant.org/research/ind_glance.cfm .
U.S. Department of Commerce. (2009, March 31). Doing business in Argentina: 2009 country commercial guide for U.S. companies. Retrieved from http://www.export.gov/.
NOTE: Use the PDF version of an online report to determine the date. If not available, use the abbreviation for "no date" (n.d.) and include the date of retreval in the last line with the database name.
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General Format

Welcome to the Purdue OWL
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Note: This page reflects the latest version of the APA Publication Manual (i.e., APA 7), which released in October 2019. The equivalent resource for the older APA 6 style can be found here .
Please use the example at the bottom of this page to cite the Purdue OWL in APA.
You can also watch our APA vidcast series on the Purdue OWL YouTube Channel .

General APA Guidelines
Your essay should be typed and double-spaced on standard-sized paper (8.5" x 11"), with 1" margins on all sides. Include a page header (also known as the “ running head ”) at the top of every page. For a professional paper, this includes your paper title and the page number. For a student paper, this only includes the page number. To create a page header/running head , insert page numbers flush right. Then type "TITLE OF YOUR PAPER" in the header flush left using all capital letters. The running head is a shortened version of your paper's title and cannot exceed 50 characters including spacing and punctuation.
The 7th edition of the APA Publication Manual requires that the chosen font be accessible (i.e., legible) to all readers and that it be used consistently throughout the paper. It acknowledges that many font choices are legitimate, and it advises writers to check with their publishers, instructors, or institutions for guidance in cases of uncertainty.
While the APA Manual does not specify a single font or set of fonts for professional writing, it does recommend a few fonts that are widely available. These include sans serif fonts such as 11-point Calibri, 11-point Arial, and 10-point Lucida Sans Unicode as well as serif fonts such as 12-point Times New Roman, 11-point Georgia, 10-point Computer Modern.
Major Paper Sections
Your essay should include four major sections: the Title Page , Abstract , Main Body , and References .
Note: APA 7 provides slightly different directions for formatting the title pages of professional papers (e.g., those intended for scholarly publication) and student papers (e.g., those turned in for credit in a high school or college course).
The title page should contain the title of the paper, the author's name , and the institutional affiliation . A professional paper should also include the author note . A student paper should also include the course number and name , instructor name , and assignment due date .
Type your title in upper and lowercase letters centered in the upper half of the page. The title should be centered and written in boldface. APA recommends that your title be focused and succinct and that it should not contain abbreviations or words that serve no purpose. Your title may take up one or two lines. All text on the title page, and throughout your paper, should be double-spaced.
Beneath the title, type the author's name : first name, middle initial(s), and last name. Do not use titles (Dr.) or degrees (PhD).
Beneath the author's name, type the institutional affiliation , which should indicate the location where the author(s) conducted the research.
A professional paper should include the author note beneath the institutional affiliation, in the bottom half of the title page. This should be divided up into several paragraphs, with any paragraphs that are not relevant omitted. The first paragraph should include the author’s name, the symbol for the ORCID iD, and the URL for the ORCID iD. Any authors who do not have an ORCID iD should be omitted. The second paragraph should show any change in affiliation or any deaths of the authors. The third paragraph should include any disclosures or acknowledgements, such as study registration, open practices and data sharing, disclosure of related reports and conflicts of interest, and acknowledgement of financial support and other assistance. The fourth paragraph should include contact information for the corresponding author.
A student paper should not include an author note.
Note again that page headers/page numbers (described above for professional and student papers) also appear at the top of the title page. In other words, a professional paper's title page will include the title of the paper flush left in all capitals and the page number flush right, while a student paper will only contain the page number flush right.
Student APA title page

Title page for a student paper in APA 7 style.
Professional paper APA title page

Title page for a professional paper in APA 7 style.
Begin a new page. Your abstract page should already include the page header (described above). On the first line of the abstract page, center and bold the word “Abstract” (no italics, underlining, or quotation marks).
Beginning with the next line, write a concise summary of the key points of your research. (Do not indent.) Your abstract should contain at least your research topic, research questions, participants, methods, results, data analysis, and conclusions. You may also include possible implications of your research and future work you see connected with your findings. Your abstract should be a single paragraph, double-spaced. Your abstract should typically be no more than 250 words.
You may also want to list keywords from your paper in your abstract. To do this, indent as you would if you were starting a new paragraph, type Keywords: (italicized), and then list your keywords. Listing your keywords will help researchers find your work in databases.
Abstracts are common in scholarly journal articles and are not typically required for student papers unless advised by an instructor. If you are unsure whether or not your work requires an abstract, consult your instructor for further guidance.
APA Abstract Page

Abstract page for a student paper in APA 7 style.
Please see our Sample APA Paper resource to see an example of an APA paper. You may also visit our Additional Resources page for more examples of APA papers.
How to Cite the Purdue OWL in APA
Individual resources.
The page template for the new OWL site does not include contributors' names or the page's last edited date. However, select pages still include this information.
In the absence of contributor/edit date information, treat the page as a source with a group author and use the abbreviation "n.d." for "no date":
Purdue Online Writing Lab. (n.d.). Title of resource. Purdue Online Writing Lab. http://Web address for OWL resource
Purdue Online Writing Lab. (n.d.). General Writing FAQs. Purdue Online Writing Lab. https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/general_writing_faqs.html
The generic APA citation for OWL pages, which includes author/edit date information, is this:
Contributors' names. (Last edited date). Title of resource . Site Name. http://Web address for OWL resource

APA 7 Citation and University Writing
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Reference examples.
These examples are references. The examples demonstrate the style and format required for a reference list.
Need help with in-text citation style? Click the tab Citations & Reference List . Need more help? Ask us!
APA 7 Style Guide Examples
- Articles - Print
- Articles - Online
- Articles - Library database
- Articles - Library database with DOI
Working Papers
Article - print.
I ansiti , M., Lakhani, K. R., McBrien, K., & Moon, M. (2017). Managing our hub economy: Strategy, ethics, and network competition in the age of digital superpower. Harvard Business Review , 95 (5), 84-92.
Online Journal Article
Klein, G., & Aubry, M. (2017). Introducing the issue on megaprojects. Project Management Journal , 48 (6), 3-4. https://www.pmi.org/PMJ
Wang, J., Meric, G., Liu, Z., & Meric, I. (2010). A comparison of the determinants of stock returns in the 1987 and 2008 stock market meltdowns. Banking and Finance Review, 2 (1), 15-26. http://www.bankingandfinancereview.com/
Online Newspaper Article
Gallagher , D. (2018, February 3 ). Is Google losing to Amazon? The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com
Krauss, C. (2008, August 30). Surge in natural gas has Utah driving cheaply. The New York Times . https://www.nytimes.com
APA Style Blog on citing newspapers
Is this website a newspaper, magazine or journal?
"There’s no governing authority who decides what’s a newspaper versus a website versus an online magazine versus something else entirely. Best to look at how the site refers to itself and follow the convention associated with that. So if they call themselves a newspaper, italicize the name; otherwise, don’t." APA Style Blog
If the site does not refer to itself as a newspaper, magazine or journal cite the source as a webpage - scroll down to Online - Webpage.
Articles from library databases without doi .
Journal Article:
Arruda-Filho, E., Cabusas, J., & Dholakia, N. (2010). Social behavior and brand devotion among iPhone innovators. International Journal of Information Management, 30 (6), 475-480.
Magazine Article:
Barkin, E. (2010, April). Jetting to greener pastures. Customer Relationship Management, 14 (4), 30-33,36.
Newspaper Article:
Krauss, C. (2008, August 30). Surge in natural gas has Utah driving cheaply. The New York Times , 157 (54418), A1. https://www.nytimes.com/
Articles from library databases with doi.
Gonzalez, J., Ragins, B., Ehrhardt, K., & Singh, R. (2018). Friends and family: The role of relationships in community and workplace attachment. Journal of Business & Psychology , 33 (1), 89-104. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10869-016-9476-3
Holland, C. P. (1995). Cooperative supply chain management: The impact of interorganizational information systems. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 4 (2), 117-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/0963-8687(95)80020-Q
Deming, D., & Dynarski, S. (2008). The lengthening of childhood (National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 14124). http://www.nber.org/papers/w14124
White papers.
Department for Business Innovation & Skills. (2016). Success as a knowledge economy: Teaching excellent, social mobility and student choice [White paper]. Crown. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/523396/bis-16-265-success-as-a-knowledge-economy.pdf
APA Style on White Papers
Author, A. A. (year). Title of work (Report No. 123). Publisher.
Author, A. A. (year). Title of work (Report No. 123). http:// www.URL.com
Source: American Psychological Association, 2010, p.206.
- Books in print
Book in print
Brader, T. (2006). Campaigning for hearts and minds: How emotional appeals in political ads work . University of Chicago Press.
Laudon, K.C. & Traver, C.G. (2016). E-commerce: Business, technology, society (12 th ed.). Pearson.
Lewis, R., & Dart, M. (2010). The new rules of retail: Competing in the world's toughest marketplace . Palgrave Macmillan.
Miller, T. E., Bender, B. E., & Schuh, J. H. (2005). Promoting reasonable expectations: Aligning student and institutional views of the college experience . Jossey-Bass.
Book with no author, but has an editor or editors: add (Ed.) or (Eds.)
Duncan , G. J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds.). (1997). Consequences of growing up poor . Russell Sage Foundation.
Ebooks (APA 7)
Ebook from a library database (ie. Ebook Central ProQuest)
Kerzner, H. (2017). Project management metrics, KPIS, and dashboards: A guide to measuring and monitoring project performance . https://ebookcentral.proquest.com
Ebook found online:
Barton, Clara. (1904). A story of the Red Cross: Glimpses of field work . D. Appleton and Company. http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/30230
Ebook accessed using a specific reader
Gladwell, M. (2011). Outliers: The story of success . Back Bay Books. https://www.amazon.com
- Blogs & Wikipedia
- YouTube & Video
Social Media
- Help! More info for web sources...
Website (entire website, not a webpage)
No citation is needed for an entire website. Include the website within the body of a paper.
"In my paper, I mention a website. I refer to the website as a whole, and I am not discussing a specific webpage or an article within a website. Do I need to create an in-text citation and a reference list citation?"
NO . All you need to do is include the URL within the body of your paper, and you do not need to include the website and URL in your reference list at the end of the paper. In APA Style there is no specific formatting recommendations.
Two examples - full websites mentioned within a paper.
1) The Department of Health has just released a new website to help people identify and compare health care programs available in their area. The website is called HealthCare.gov at http://www.healthcare.gov/ This resource is easy to use and the interface is intuitive, but the website will not support members of the population not using the internet.
2) Kidspsych ( http://www.kidspsych.org ) is a wonderful interactive website for children. This resource is appropriate for children ages 3 to 10.
APA Style Blog: Websites & Webpages
Webpage (not an online journal, magazine or newspaper > use article format) (APA 7)
Webpage with author:
Doyle, A. (2017, July 1). Best questions to ask at a job interview: What to ask the employer during a job interview. The balance careers. The Balance. https://www.thebalance.com/questions-to-ask-in-a-job-interview-2061205
Webpage without a person as the author - there are options! (APA 7)
Authors for websites are often corporations, organizations or governments. If there is no person listed as the author consider using a corporate/group name . Use a corporate/group name when an o rganization, rather than an individual, takes responsibility for the creation of a work. Ask yourself, whose website is it - what company, organization or government agency?
Webpage with no person as author. Use a corporate/group author. (APA 7)
United States government agency
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2018, February 14). Traumatic brain injury: FDA actions and research. http://usgov.info/2018/02/14/traumatic-brain-injury-fda-actions-and-research/
U.S. Small Business Association. (n.d.). Build your business plan. https://www.sba.gov/tools/business-plan/1?interiorpage2015
Ben & Jerry's. (n.d.). Our history. https://www.benjerry.com/about-us
Samsung. (2018). Vision 2020. https://www.samsung.com/us/aboutsamsung/vision/vision2020/
Kaiser Permanente. (2013, November). Measuring quality and patient safety. https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org
Webpage with no author
Effective business plans: Strategies for managers. (2018, March 4). Business Pros. http:// www.businesspros.com
Format: Title of webpage. (Year, Month Day web page was last updated). Webpage. URL
In-text citation for no author: ("First Few Words of Title," YEAR). ("Effective Business Plans," 2018).
If the site refers to itself as a newspaper, magazine or journal cite the source using an article format. Scroll up to Articles - Online.
"There’s no governing authority who decides what’s a newspaper versus a website versus an online magazine versus something else entirely. Best to look at how the site refers to itself and follow the convention associated with that. So if they call themselves a newspaper, italicize the name; otherwise, don’t."
Blogs, wikis, and posts on personal websites
Stephanie (2018, February 5). What to do if your Obamacare 1095-A column B is zero. Poorer than you . http://poorerthanyou.com/category/taxes/
APA Style on citing Blogs
When citing Wikipedia, cite an archived version of a Wikipedia page so that readers can retrieve the version you used.
*Access the archived version on Wikipedia by selecting “View history” and then the time and date of the version you used.
*If a wiki does not provide permanent links to archived versions of the page, include the URL for the entry and a retrieval date.
Business performance management. ( 2018, January 25 ). In Wikipedia . https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_performance_ management
Neurology. (n.d.). In Wikipedia . Retrieved December 15, 2017 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurology
APA Style Blog on citing Wikipedia
Entire blog, wiki, or personal website
"In my paper, I mention a blog. I refer to the blog as a whole, and I am not discussing a specific blog post. Do I need to create an in-text citation and a reference list citation?"
No. All you need to do is include the URL within the body of your paper, and you do not need to include the website and URL in your reference list at the end of the paper. In APA Style there is no specific formatting recommendations.
Two examples for mentioning the entire blog, wiki or personal website. In the body of the paper:
1) At age 22, blogger Stephanee (Stephanie), started her the blog Poorer Than You (http://poorerthanyou.com). The posts are aimed at millennials and provide financial advice on a variety of topics.
2) I have learned a lot by reading the Psych Learning Curve blog (http://psychlearningcurve.org). This blog is an excellent resource for teachers.
Glass, I. (Producer). (2013, September 6). How I got into college [Audio podcast]. In This American Life . http://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/504/how-i-got-into-college
Purdue OWL APA Style: How to Cite a Podcast
LastName, A. A. (Producer). (Year, Month Day {of podcast}). Title of podcast [Audio podcast]. In Title of Podcast Series . Publisher. URL
Podcast without a series - stand alone
LastName, A. A. (Host). (Year, Month Day {of podcast}). Title of podcast [Audio podcast episode]. Publisher. URL
Gallagher , D. (2018, February 3 ). Is Google losing to Amazon? The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com
Krauss, C. (2008, August 30). Surge in natural gas has Utah driving cheaply. The New York Times . https://www.nytimes.com
CNN. (2015, February 15). Boston sets new snow record [Video]. https://www.cnn.com/videos/weather/2015/02/15/newday-alesci-ripley-boston-sets-new-snow-record.cnn/video/playlists/top-news-videos/
Online Newspaper format:
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article: Capital letter to start subtitle. Title of Newspaper . https://www.someaddress.com
Online Magazine format:
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article: Capital letter to start subtitle. Title of Magazine, volume number (issue number if available). https://www.someaddress.com
Online News broadcast video:
Producer Name. (Year, Month Day). Video title [Video]. Website host. https://www.someaddress.com
Youtube video
Forbes. (2018, January 19). Facebook announces algorithm changes; Apple brings money back to U.S. [Video]. Youtube. https://youtube/39gFZawmKfM
Sasal, D. (2017, June 13) Project Management simplified: Learn the fundamentals of PMI's framework [Video]. Youtube. https://youtu.be/ZKOL-rZ79gs
APA Style: How to Create a Reference for a YouTube Video
TikTok video
Cook, P. [@chemteacherphil]. (2019, November 19). Alkali salts get lit. #chemistry #chemteacherphil #scienceexperiments #foryou #jobforme #trend #featurethis #science #vibecheck [Video]. TikTok. https://vm.tiktok.com/xP1r1m
Washington Post [@washingtonpost]. (2019, December 3). News is all around us #frozen #newsroom #newspaper [Video]. TikTok. https://vm.tiktok.com/x2sKUu
TikTok Profile
Witherspoon, R. [@officialreesetiktok]. (n.d.). vsco mom [TikTok profile]. TikTok. Retrieved January 12, 2020, from https://vm.tiktok.com/xS3B86
APA 7 TikTok Citation Guide
TED Talk video
If you viewed the video on the TED website:
Palmer, A. (2013, February). Amanda Palmer: The art of asking [Video]. TED. https://www.ted.com/talks/amanda_palmer_the_art_of_asking
If you viewed the video on YouTube, the same TED Talk would be referenced as follows:
TED. (2013, March 1). Amanda Palmer: The art of asking [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xMj_P_6H69g
APA Style Blog: How to Cite a TED Talk in APA Style
Film, Video, or DVD
Selick, H. (Director). (1993). The nightmare before Christmas [Film]. Touchstone.
Smithee, A. F. (Director). (2001). Really big disaster movie [ Film ]. Paramount Pictures.
APA Style Film and TV
NY Review of Books. (2013, September 6). The total weight of jellyfish in the Black Sea is 10x greater than that of all fish caught around the world in a year. [Tweet; thumbnail link to article]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/nybooks/status/376055502880665600
Obama, M. (2013, February 28). “ We can give all our children the bright, healthy futures they so richly deserve .” —the First Lady on why healthier food options are good for American businesses [Image attached] [Status update] . Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/photo.php? fbid =10152608245040578& set=a.10150238318835578.467644.22092775577&type=1
Gaiman, N. (2012, February 29). Please celebrate Leap Year Day in the traditional manner by taking a writer out for dinner. [Status update]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/neilgaiman/posts/10150574185041016
Reuters Top News [Reuters]. (2016, November 1). Inside David Bowie's art collection [Twitter moment]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/i/moments/793575609028915200
APA Style: How to Cite a Twitter Moment
APA Style: How to Cite Facebook
APA Style: How to Cite Instagram
In APA Style there are no specific formatting rules for citing PDFs.
Why? PDF is just a file format. To cite this type of document, ask yourself: What is this?
You must determine what the nature of the PDF, and then use the corresponding format.
There are two common types of documents that appear as PDFs:
- Articles (magazines, newspapers, journals, newsletters, etc.)
- Reports (government report, company profile, company annual report, etc.)
Need help? Ask us by emailing [email protected]
For Webinar citations in APA 7, Please check out Purdue University APA 7 citation guide on Other Non-Print Sources available here:
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/reference_list_other_non_print_sources.html
Rules for citing information found on the web:
No author? Start with the title and then the date. A screen-name can be used as the author. An organization/company can be the author.
Date? If a date is not specifically included with the item you are citing, look for the last updated date. No date type (n.d.)
Titles? Keep it simple - do not italicize website titles. This can get confusing: If a webpage is part of a larger website, do not italicize the title of the page. If the webpage is an independent document on the website, do italicize the title of the page. This is also a judgment call that you will have to make. If you are not sure, do not italicize.
URL? Yes, include it. www.theURL.com
Retrieved on date? In general, do not include the retrieved date for most web sources. If a webpage is likely to change over time, such as a wiki or personal website, include the date that you looked at the page.
Author and website name? If the name of the website is the same as the name of the author, you do not need to include it a second time.
[Square Brackets]? APA Style recommends providing identifying information - when needed for clarification. If the information in the citation and URL do not clearly identify what it is you are citing, add [square brackets]. For example, [Blog post], [Wiki], [Twitter post], [Facebook post] [Personal website], [PDF document], [Video], [Interview], [Data].
Interviews, emails, and personal communications
- Interview, Email & Personal Communications
Personal interviews that you conduct do not have references. Personal interviews are considered personal communication. Include any relevant and important information about the interview in the body of your paper. APA Style states, "An interview is not considered recoverable data, so no reference to this is provided in the reference list. You may, however, cite the interview within the text as a personal communication." APA Style
Interviews - research participants . APA Style
An interview you read has a citation and reference. Where did you find the interview? Is it from a magazine article, website, blog, etc.? Use the appropriate APA Style format to create the reference.
Email & Personal Communications
Email & personal communications do not have references at the end of your paper, but you will create a citation within the body of your paper.
Why do personal communications not have references? References are created to direct your reader to the sources of information you used in your paper. With personal communications you cannot direct the reader to the source - to the phone conversation you had, to your email inbox, to the day of the interview - the reader of your paper cannot access these sources.
Include any relevant and important information about the email and personal communication in the body of your paper.
Here is an example for the APA Style :
- Statistics & Data Sets
- Dictionary / Definitions
Barr, J. G. (2018). Artificial intelligence . Faulkner Advisory for IT Studies database.
MarketLine . (2013, April 29). NIKE, Inc.: Company profile .
Annual Report
American Psychological Association. (2013). 2012 annual report of the American Psychological Association . http://www.apa.org/pubs/info/reports/2012-report.pdf
Unilever. (2015). Annual report and accounts 2015 strategic report. https://www.unilever.com/Images/annual_report_and_accounts_ar15_tcm244-478426_en.pdf
APA Style on citing annual reports
Microsoft. (2005, September 25). Form 10-Q.
Arrow International, Inc. (2009). 10-K Annual Report 2009 .
Government Report
San Francisco Department of Public Health. (2016). San Francisco community health needs assessment 2016 . https://www.sfdph.org/dph/hc/HCAgen/HCAgen2016/May%2017/2016CHNA-2.pdf
U.S. Department of Education. (2014). Profile of undergraduate students: 2011-12. Web tables (NCES 2015-167). https://nces.ed.gov/ pubs2015/2015167.pdf
National Cancer Institute. (2016). Taking part in cancer treatment research studies (Publication No. 16-6249). https://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/CRS.pdf
Office of the Inspector General U.S. Department of Justice. (2017, May). Review of the handling of sexual harassment and misconduct allegations by the department’s Civil Division . https://oig.justice.gov/reports/2017/e1703.pdf
APA Style: How to Cite Government Report
U.S. Constitution
APA Style Blog states, "All citations of the U.S. Constitution begin with U.S. Const. , followed by the article, amendment, section, and/or clause numbers as relevant." APA Style Blog: How to Cite the U.S. Constitution in APA Style
In-text (U.S. Const. amend. II)
Reference U.S. Const. amend. II
Congressional Bill
Equitable Health Care for Severe Mental Illnesses Act of 1993, S. 671, 103d Cong., 1st Sess. (1993).
Federal Statutes
Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993, 29 U.S.C. §§ 2601–2654 (2006).
FORMAT: Name of the Statute, Tile number Source § Section number(s) (Year).
APA Style: Writing References for Federal Statutes
Statistics & Data Sets
Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2016). Consumer price index - all urban consumers, 1956-2016 [Time series]. http://data.bls.gov
Pew Research Center. (2016). June 10-July 12, 2015 – Gaming, jobs and broadband [Data file and codebook]. http://www.pewresearch.org
World Bank, World Development Indicators. (2016). Firms using banks to finance working capital (% of firms) [Data file]. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IC.FRM.BKWC.ZS?view= chart
United States Department of Housing and Urban Development. (2008). Indiana income limits [Data set]. http://www.huduser.org/Datasets/IL/IL08/in_fy2008.pdf
APA Style on citing data sets
U.S. Census
U.S. Census Bureau (2011). Selected housing characteristics, 2007-2011 American community survey 5-year estimates [Data file]. http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_11_5YR_DP04
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (2009). Cahaba River Natural Refuge. https://www.fws.gov/cahabariver/maps.html
International Monetary Fund. (2017, May 8). IMF lending at a glance. http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/map/lending/
WOU APA Style on citing maps
Google Maps
Google. (n.d.). [Google Maps directions for driving from Ingolstadt, Germany, to Geneva, Switzerland]. Retrieved August 4, 2015 from https://goo.gl/maps/ILt8O
APA Style on citing online map s
IAC. (n.d.). Impact investing. In Investopedia . Retrieved May 15, 2016 from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/impact-investing.asp
Merriam Webster (n.d.). R eliability. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary (11th ed.). Retrieved January 11, 2020 from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/reliability
Dictionary references in APA 7
Case Studies
Case study published by harvard business school publishing.
Thomas, D.A. (1999). Leaving. HBS No. 400033-PDF-ENG. Harvard Business School Publishing.
Eisenmann, T., & Herman, K. (2010). Google, Inc. HBS No. 910036-PDF-ENG. Harvard Business School Publishing.
Case Study published by Ivey Publishing
Bernhut, S. (2013). The Ivey Business Journal Interview: State Capitalism, with Aldo Musacchio . Ivey ID: 9B13TB08. Ivey Publishing.
- General Guidelines
- Library Databases
- Multiple sources
- Reference examples
Tables: numerical values or text displayed in clearly designated columns and rows
Looking for: graphs, flow charts, maps, drawings, photos, etc. > see box Figures.
Click through the tabs and find in-text citation and reference examples.
Using Statista? Scroll down to the Statista box.
Created by Auckland University of Technology Library , and adapted with permission.
Tables usually show numerical value or textual information and are almost always characterized by a row-column structure. Any type of illustration other than a table is a figure .
General notes on tables:
- Tables are located at the end of your paper, after the reference list and before any appendixes. Each table is on a separate page.
- Tables may use single-spacing or one-and-a-half spacing (p. 229).
- Information necessary for understanding the table and definitions of abbreviations used within the table appear in a table note. ( APA Style Blog )
- All tables must be cited in-text and discussed within the body of your paper, and be included in your reference list.
Basic instructions for formatting tables
Number t ables sequentially (i.e.if you have more than one table in your writing) e.g. Table 1, Table 2 .....
- Each table must be referred to in the text, using a capital T, for example: ...as shown in Table 1
Title is placed directly a bove the table itself and below the table number.
- Brief but clear and explanatory, in italics and with major words capitalized with no full stop.
Note is placed directly below the table, the word "Note" in italics with a full stop, for example: Note.
- Explain abbreviations, symbols etc
- Acknowledge the source of the table
- Include a copyright statement at the end of the note.
For specific and probability note (section 5.16, p 138).
Ruling (Lines)
- Limit the use of lines to those that are necessary
- Appropriately positioned white space can be an effective substitute.
- Tables may be submitted either single or double spaced. Consider readability (section 5.17, p 141).
Sales of Take Home Ice Cream in New Zealand
Note . MAT= moving annual total, From ACNielsen Market Information Digest New Zealand .Copyright 2010 by The Nielsen Company.
Created by Auckland University of Technology Library, and adapted with permission.
APA Style on citing Tables & Figures
Table reproduced in your paper
Use this format for tables you COPY - reproduced exactly as they appear in another source. Use this format when you do not make any modifications or add data to the table.
Note format - note under a table

Note. Reprinted from Employment relations in New Zealand (p 98), by E. Rasmussen, 2009. Pearson. Copyright (2009) by Erling Rasmussen.
In-text citation:
Reference list entry:
Use the reference style for books - see go to box Books
Table referred to and not reproduced in your paper
If you simply refer to a table, format the in-text citation and the reference list entry in the usual way.
Note format - note under a table
In-text citation:
Use the reference style for articles - see box Articles .
Table referred to but not reproduced in your paper
Note Format : note below a table
Percentage of Men and Women Who Have Bought Fruit and Vegetable Products in the Last Four Weeks

Note. wc = weighted count, shown in thousands; v% =vertical percentage, showing which % of the column group also belongs to the row group; h% = horizontal percentage showing which percentage of the row group also belongs to the column group. Roy Morgan Single Source New Zealand database. Copyright 2015 by Roy Morgan New Zealand Ltd.
Reference List entry:
Note format - note below a table
Percentage of New Zealand Population Who Have Never Worked by Age Group. By age group June 2016 quarter
Note . Adapted from http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/income-and-work/employment_and_unemployment/people-never-worked.aspx . Copyright (2016) by Statistics New Zealand.
Use the reference style for websites - see box Online , tab Websites.
If you refer to a table but don’t provide a copy of it in your assessment, simply give an in-text citation in the usual way
Reference list entry:
Table - compiled from a variety of sources
Multi source data
If you create your own table by compiling data from multiple sources, you will still need to cite where you got your information from. You do not need to give the full bibliographic citation in the note, an author and date is sufficient.
Note format - note under table:
In-text citation:
Multiple kinds of data
If you have multiple kinds of data (population figures, employment information... etc.) in one table you would describe each set of data)
Note format - note under Table:
For more information see:
APA Style for figures & tables
Reference List
Examples of references for tables.
Retrieved from a book
New Strategist. (2008). Women's time use by age, 2007 [Table]. In New Strategist Editors, American women: Who they are and how they live (4th ed.) . New Strategist Publications, Inc.
Retrieved from a online source
US Census Bureau. (2002). Industries in Which California Ranks First in Terms of Sales or Receipts Per Capita [Table]. 2002 Economic Census . http://www.census.gov/econ/census02/data/tops/TOPSTCA.HTM
National Center for Education Statistics. (2007). [Chart showing racial makeup of San Francisco Unified School District students under age 18]. Common Core of Data . http://nces.ed.gov/ccd/districtsearch/
If the table you find does not have a title, then describe the content in [square brackets].
Format: Table
Author. (Publication Date). Title of table [Table]. In author or editor of work Title of work . Publisher.
Author. (Publication Date). Title of table [Table]. Title of website. URL
Author. (Publication Date). [Title of table] [Table]. Title of website. URL
- Library Database
- Website (including photo)
Figures: graphs, flow charts, maps, drawings, photos, etc.
Looking for tables > use formatting information in the box Tables.
Video tutorial: APA Style for Figures and Tables
Looking for tables > using formatting information in the box Tables.
A figure may be a chart, a graph, a photograph, a drawing, or any other illustration or nontextual depiction. Any type of illustration other than a table is referred to as a figure.
When you use a figure that has been adapted or copied directly from another source, you need to reference that original source. This reference appears as a caption underneath the figure (image):
- don't include a title on top - the caption is your title
- concise explanation of the figure; i.e. a brief but descriptive phrase
- include copyright information
- format your caption - use italics and a capital F for Figure and sequential numbering (if you have more than one Figure)
Legend (if needed) :
A legend explains the symbols used in the figure. It should have the same kind and proportion of lettering that appear in the rest of the figure.
- capitalize major words in the legend
- place the legend within the figure (it may already be there if you have copied the graph from elsewhere)
General rules:
- Number all figures with Arabic numerals in the order in which they are first mentioned in text, regardless of whether a more detailed discussion of the figure occurs later in the paper. For example, Figure 1...Figure 2...etc.
- Refer to the figure in your writing - no italics, but with capital F, for example "In Figure 1..."
- Copyright permission for using figures and images in theses/dissertations/exegeses - obtain written copyright permission from the copyright holder if you reproduced or adapted a figure from a copyrighted source. If you are adapting material from multiple sources, and integrating them into a single figure, you might need to include multiple permission statements, one for each source.
- Figures must have a reference in your Reference List.
Multiple Sources:
See Simon Fraser University's instructions for citing multi-sources.
Figure reproduced in your paper
Use this format for figures you COPY - reproduced exactly as they appear in another source. Use this format when you do not make any modifications or add data to the table.
Caption Format - caption under a figure

Figure 1. FinSec's communication networks. Reprinted from Employment Relations in New Zealand (2nd ed., p.355), by E. Rasmussen, 2009. Pearson. Copyright 2009 by Erling Rasmussen.
Figure referred to and not reproduced in your paper
If you simply refer to a figure, format the in text-citation and the reference list entry in the usual way.

Figure 1. Factors influencing the formation of tourists' needs. Reprinted from "Factors that Obstruct Tourism Development in Bangladesh", by N. Jahan and S. Rahman, 2016, CLEAR International Journal of Research in Commerce & Management, 7 (9) , p.53. Copyright 2016 by Chinniah Lakshmiammal Educational Academy & Research (CLEAR) Foundation.
If you simply refer to a figure and do not include it in your text, format the in text citation and the reference list entry in the usual way.
Caption Format - caption under a figure
Example from ACNielsen Market Information Digest database
Figure 1 . The market location and dollar sales of meat pies in New Zealand. SMAP is the segment of market for the Auckland Province, SMLNI for the Lower North Island, SMSI for the South Island; MAP is the moving annual total. Nielsen Market Information Digest New Zealand database. Copyright 2011 by The Nielsen Company.
Example: from Passport (Euromonitor) database
Figure 2 . Trade volume of ready to drink high strength premixes sold in New Zealand, measured in 000 litres. Passport database. Copyright 2010 by Euromonitor International.
If you refer to a figure, format the in-text citation and the reference list entry in the usual way:
Caption Format - caption under a figure
Figure 1 . Vermeer, J. (c. 1665). Girl with a pearl earring . From Mauritshuis Royal Picture Gallery, The Hague. http://www.mauritshuis.nl/index.aspx?Chapterid=2295. Reprinted with permission.
Figure 2 . America's Army screen dump showing soldiers and watch tower. From America's Army (Version 3). http://www.americasarmy.com. Copyright 2010 by America’s Army.
If you refer to a figure, format the in-text citation and the reference list entry in the usual way.
- Not every reference to an artwork needs a reference list entry, for example, if you refer to a famous painting, as above, it would not need a reference.
- clicking on or hovering your mouse over the image
- looking at the bottom of the image
- looking at the URL
- if there is no title, create a short descriptive one yourself and put it in square brackets e.g. [...]
Examples of references for figures.
Retrieved from a library database
Euromonitor International. (2013). Youth unemployment rate vs. total unemployment rate: 2006-2011 [Graph]. Euromonitor Passport database .
Format: Figure
Author. (year created). Title of work [Type of work], Database name or URL.
No author? Use a corporate/agency/company (as known as group author name), or a screen name. If this is not an option, use the title in place of the author.
Ads and Ad Age DataCenter
Ad from a magazine or newspaper.
Clairol [Advertisement]. (2003, May). Newsweek , 11(3), 22.
Ad Age DataCenter
Crain Communications Inc. (2017). Marketing fact pack 2018 . http://adage.com/d/resources/resources /whitepaper/ marketing-fact-pack-2018
BizJournals (via American City Business Journals)
Dittmer, M. (2018, March 16). Busiest Bay Area airlines. San Francisco Business Times .
Britannica Academic & Encyclopaedia Britannica
Library database.
Fisher, W. W. (2018). Patent. Encyclopaedia Britannica .
Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2019, November 20). Prohibition. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/event/Prohibition-United-States-history-1920-1933
Note: Encyclopedia Britannica online has a citation tool.
Business Source Complete
Is it an article? Use the format: Articles - library database
Is it a report? >> Use the format: Reports
The database Business Source Complete has a citation tool. Click CITE and select APA citation format. Review the citation and edit it.
CQ Researcher
Karaim , R. (2013, December 13). Chemical and biological weapons. CQ Researcher, 23, 1053-1076. http://library.cqpress.com
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed): DSM–5
American psychiatric association. (2013). diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596, (american psychiatric association, 2013), economist intelligence unit.
Economist Intelligence Unit. (2011, April). Country report: India .
Faulkner Reports
Reports from these databases: Faulkner Advisory for IT Studies (FAITS), and Faulkner Security Management Practices.
Barr, J. G. (2019). Artificial intelligence . Faulkner Advisory for IT Studies.
Keston, G. (2019). Network access control . Faulkner Security Management Practices.
Gale eBooks
Agile software. In Encyclopedia of Emerging Industries (7th ed., pp. 5-10). Gale. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3664200008/GVRL?u=ggusf_main&sid=GVRL&xid=4c07cc09
Harvard Business Review
Is it an article? >> Use the article format .
Is it a case study? >> Use the case study format .
IBISWorld - US, China, & Global
Moses, J. (2020, April). IT consulting in the US (Industry Report 54151) . IBISWorld . Retrieved April 15, 2020 from https://my.ibisworld.com/us/en/industry/54151/about
Hyland, R. (2019, February). Bars & nightclubs in California (Industry Report CA72241). IBISWorld . Retrieved April 15, 2020 from https://my.ibisworld.com/us/en/industry-state/ca72241/about
Krauss , C. (2008, August 30). Surge in natural gas has Utah driving cheaply. The New York Times , 157 (54418), p. A1. https://www.nytimes.com/
Nexis Uni company dossiers pull together information from different sources (e.g. Corporate Affiliations and Disclosure). Cite the publisher of the information you use.
LexisNexis Corporate Affiliations. ( March 22, 2021 ). McDonald's Corporation. https://advance.lexis.com/api/document?collection=company-financial&id=urn:contentItem:5C1R-8W91-JC4V-R048-00000-00&context=1516831
MarketLine Report (retrieved using Business Source Complete)
MarketLine Industry Profile: Footwear in the United States. (2015). Footwear Industry Profile: United States , 1–46.
MarketLine Company Profile: NIKE, Inc. (2015). In NIKE, Inc. MarketLine Company Profile (pp. 1–32).
Mergent Online
Mergent Inc. (n.d.). Apple, Inc.: Business segments .
Mergent Inc. (2014, February 28). McDonald's Corp.: Ford Equity research report .
Apple Inc. (2013, October 30). Form 10-K .
Microsoft. (2005, September 25). Form 10-Q.
Morningstar Investment Research Center
Google , Inc. (2011, December 31). Form 10-K .
Morningstar . (n.d.). Google: Key ratios . Retrieved March 13, 2014, from Morningstar Investment Research.
Morningstar . (2014, February 28) Fidelity Blue Chip Growth: Rating and risk . Morningstar Investment Research.
Reichart, K. R. (2014, March 6). Fidelity Blue Chip Growth: Fund analyst repor t. Morningstar Investment Research database.
Summer, R. (2014, February 25). Google, Inc.: Stock analyst report . Morningstar Investment Research database.
Passport (via Euromonitor International)
Euromonitor International. (2011, January 10). American Airlines fights the distribution model .
Euromonitor International. (2010, March 15). Starbucks Corp - hot drinks - USA .
Euromonitor International. (2013). Youth unemployment rate vs. total unemployment rate: 2006-2011 [Graph].
Euromonitor International. (2010). Trade volume of ready to drink high strength premixes in New Zealand, measured in 000 liters [Graph].
Pew Research Center
Lopez, G., Ruis, N.G. & Patten, E. (2017, September 8) Key facts about Asian Americans, a diverse and growing population. http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/09/08/key-facts-about-asian-americans/
Shearer, E. & Gottfried, J. (2017, September 6). In 2017, two-thirds of U.S. adults get news from social media [Table]. In News Use Across Social Media Platforms 2017. http://www.journalism.org/2017/09/07/news-use-across-social-media-platforms-2017/pi_17-08-23_socialmediaupdate_0-01/
Pew Research Center. (2016). June 10-July 12, 2015 – Gaming, Jobs and Broadband [Data file and code book]. http://www.pewresearch.org
Pew Research Center. (2018, January 2018). They’re waiting longer, but U.S. women today more likely to have children than a decade ago: More than half of never-married women in their early 40s have given birth [Report]. http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2018/01/18/theyre-waiting-longer-but-u-s-women-today-more-likely-to-have-children-than-a-decade-ago/
ReferenceUSA
Infogroup , Inc . (2017). List of brewers in Ramsey County, MN. Retrieved from ReferenceUSA database.
I nfogroup , Inc. (n.d.). Starbucks Corp [Company profile]. Retrieved from ReferenceUSA database.
S&P Global NetAdvantage
Industry survey.
Snyder, K. (2017, October). Health care equipment and supplies. CFRA Industry Surveys [PDF].
Library database - Statista - citing data and charts
When you are viewing data, look for the citation button. SELECT CITATION. From the drop-down menu, click APA. We recommend you edit the citation. Note, Statista uses many difference SOURCES - the source is in the place of the author.
Atlas Van Lines. (May 27, 2020). Internal factors that influenced employee relocations in the United States in 2020 [Chart]. In Statista - The Statistics Portal . Retrieved April 08, 2021 from https://www.statista.com/statistics/763368/internal-factors-on-employee-relocation-us/
Airnow. (February 17, 2021). Leading iPhone apps in the Apple App Store worldwide in January 2021, by revenue (in million U.S. dollars) [Graph]. In Statista . Retrieved April 08, 2021, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/271103/top-iphone-apps-worldwide-by-revenue/
Library database - Statista - citing a full report
Collignon , H. & Sultan, N. (2014, November). Winning the business of sports 2014 . Retrieved from Statista database.
Janßen , B., Krützfeldt, W., Ramcke, K., & Staffa, V. (2014, August). Industry report - Computer and electronic product manufacturing NAICS Code 334 . Retrieved from Statista database.
Statista. (2018). Coffee market in the U.S. [Report]. Retrieved from Statista database.
Online - using Statista's website - citing data and charts
When there is no author name, use the SOURCE name in place of the author. Statista uses many difference SOURCES. Look under the table or figure for the word SOURCE.
ITU. (2011, October). Number of active mobile broadband subscriptions worldwide from 2005 to 2011 (in millions) [Chart]. In Statista . Retrieved from http://www.statista.com/statistics/186337/number-of-mobile-broadband-subscriptions-worldwide-since-2005/
Value Line Publishing. (2010, November 26). Ford Motor. Value Line Investment Survey .
APA Style Notes
- Date of retrieval
- Missing Info
The examples on this page should only be used as a guide. The following links are official APA Style resources:
APA Style FAQ [APA Style]
Quick Answers - Reference
APA Tutorial: The Basics of APA Style
https://URL
URL where information was r etrieved not required for library database citations.
Database where information was retrieved not required in most instances except for special cases.
A citation for an article from a library database does not require the URL or name of the database.
ONLINE! URL
Do not include the words "Retrieved from" any longer before the URL
URL is important for items found freely available online. APA rules recommend using the homepage URL when an item can be easily located - such as URLs for news websites or online databases such as Hathi Trust and Internet Archive. Here is an example - only the homepage URL is used, not the full webpage URL.
Gallagher, D. (2018, Feb. 3 ) Is Google Losing to Amazon? Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com
Retrieved date is only included in a reference if the information cited is likely to change.
In general, do not include retrieved date within a citation, unless it is required by your instructor, or you are citing a blog, wiki, and a post from a personal website.
Example of information likely to change:
Neurology. (n.d.). In Wikipedia . Retrieved August 8, 2007 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurology
This is only in cases where this is no published date and the information is likely to change.
[Square Brackets]
[Square Brackets] have several functions in APA Style. Regardless of the function, words within square brackets are your words .
1) [Square brackets] identify source types. APA Style recommends (not requires) providing identifying information when the title and other information in the citation does not identify the source. Add [square brackets] when needed to clarify what the item is. For example, [Case study], [Blog post], [Wiki], [Twitter post], [Facebook post] [Personal website], [PDF document], [Excel document], [Video], [Interview], [Data], [Data set].
Sasal, D. (2017, June 13) Project Management simplified: Learn the fundamentals of PMI's framework [Video]. Youtube. https://youtu.be/ZKOL-rZ79gs
2) Use square brackets If you’re referencing an unusual item.
APA Style Blog: Using Square Brackets
3) Use square brackets when there is missing information - for example, missing date and title.
APA Style Blog: Missing Pieces: How to Write an APA Style Reference Even Without All the Information
Do you have questions about authors?
- Click here. APA FAQ tab. Need help formatting AUTHOR names? No author, multiple authors, etc... In the AUTHOR box, click the tabs IN-TEXT or REFERENCE to learn how to handle 1-5 authors, and 6+ authors.
Authors for websites are often corporations, organizations or governments. If there is no person as the author consider using a corporate/group name.
Use a corporate/group name when an o rganization, rather than an individual, takes responsibility for the creation of a work. Ask yourself, whose website is it - what company, organization or government agency?
No author? Are you sure? Is it a Group/corporate Author?
APA Style Blog on group authors
If there is no author and no group/corporate author, begin the reference with the TITLE in the author-place. Use a shortened version of the title in when using in-text citations.
How to write an APA Style reference when information is missing
No date? Missing title? Missing source?
APA Style Blog on missing information
- Guidelines for missing information This PDF was created and made available by the APA Style Blog.
- << Previous: Citations & Reference List
- Next: APA FAQ >>
- Last Updated: Feb 23, 2023 11:06 AM
- URL: https://ggu.libguides.com/apa

IMAGES
VIDEO
COMMENTS
Reference List Example (don't forget to indent the second and subsequent lines): Author (s). (Year). Title of case study. HBS No. number of case study. Publisher. Example, one author: Kotter, J. (1990). Changing the Culture at British Airways. HBS No. 491-009. Harvard Business School Publishing. Example, two authors:
Harvard Business Review . 75 (July-August 1997), 103. SOURCE LINES . Source lines typically appear under charts, exhibits, figures, tables, and other graphical items. Source lines should acknowledge the source of the graphic or the dat a that was used to create it. A source line begins with the word . Source
HBS Citation Guide (PDF, 579.0 kB) This guide describes citation conventions for HBS students to use when writing research papers. Chat-GPT Citation Guidelines (PDF, 133.5 kB) Guidelines for the citation of artificial intelligence. APA Publication manual of the American Psychological Association
APA style dictates that brackets should directly surround their content without spaces (e.g., [bracketed content] should look like this). When possible, include the year, month, and date in references. If the month and date are not available, use the year of publication.
Cite your source automatically in APA Cite Using citation machines responsibly Powered by Basic Form APA style dictates that authors are named with their last name followed by their initials; publication year goes between parentheses, followed by a period.
In the reference list or bibliography section of your paper, the general format for citing an article is this: Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number (issue number), pages. http://dx.doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyyy
Citations occur in the text in brackets in Harvard style. An in-text citation includes the author's last name, the year of publication, and, if applicable, a page number. For example, the following sentence contains an in-text citation: "The Wall Street Journal published an article by Jones et al. that discusses this issue."
Basic format for an APA journal citation The article title appears in plain text and sentence case, while the journal name is italicized and in title case (all major words capitalized). When viewing a journal article online, the required information can usually be found on the access page.
These are the sources and citations used to research Harvard Business Review. This bibliography was generated on Cite This For Me on Sunday, June 14, 2015 Website Bloom, J. San Jose's Harker School students finalists in Intel Science Talent Search contest 2015 In-text: (Bloom, 2015) Your Bibliography: Bloom, J., 2015.
Scribbr's free citation generator automatically generates accurate references and in-text citations. This citation guide outlines the most important citation guidelines from the 7th edition APA Publication Manual (2020). Cite a webpage Cite a book Cite a journal article Cite a YouTube video APA in-text citations The basics
The Harvard citation style is a system that students, writers and researchers can use to incorporate other people's quotes, findings and ideas into their work in order to support and validate their conclusions without breaching any intellectual property laws.
Use the date the article was most recently updated, if that's provided. Type the year first, followed by a comma. Then add the month and the date. Don't abbreviate months. Place a period outside the closing parenthesis. [2] Example: Potter, H. J. (2019, March 22). 3. List the title of the article in italics.
Basic Citation Format for Journal Articles from Databases: Author, A., & Author, B. (Date). Article title. Periodical Title, volume (issue), pages.* Retrieved from database name. NOTES: *If online articles do not give page numbers, you will not be able to include them in your citation. Citation Examples with author: Cho, A., & Newcomb, T. (2014).
APA - Citations - Research Guides at Harvard Library Fundamentals of APA American Psychological Association (APA) style includes parenthetical in-text citations and a reference list. APA uses parenthetical citations as its form of in-text citation. Provide a parenthetical citation before the period directly following the information you are citing.
In-text citation examples - Harvard Business School Case Study APA in-text citations include the author's last name, the year of publication, and the page number (for quotes), either as part of the text of your paper or in parentheses. One Author: …as the case study concluded (Smith, 2003, p. 6). OR: Smith reported (2003, p.
If an item has no date, use n.d. where you would normally put the date. Capitalization: For article titles, capitalize only the first letter of the first word of the title. If there is a colon in the title, capitalize the first letter of the first word after the colon. You will also capitalize proper nouns.
APA Formatting and Style Guide (6th Edition) General Format In-Text Citations: The Basics In-Text Citations: Author/Authors Footnotes and Endnotes Reference List: Basic Rules Reference List: Author/Authors Reference List: Articles in Periodicals Reference List: Books Reference List: Other Print Sources
Article in print or PDF Ericson, T.J. Alsop, R., Nicholson, P., & Miller, J. (2009). Gen Y in the workplace. Harvard Business Review, 87 (2), 43-49. Article from database with DOI Twenge, J.M. & Campbell S.M (2009). Generational differences in psychological traits and their impact on the workplace.
General APA Guidelines Your essay should be typed and double-spaced on standard-sized paper (8.5" x 11"), with 1" margins on all sides. Include a page header(also known as the "running head") at the top of every page. For a professional paper, this includes your paper title and the page number.
Include any relevant and important information about the interview in the body of your paper. APA Style states, "An interview is not considered recoverable data, so no reference to this is provided in the reference list. You may, however, cite the interview within the text as a personal communication." APA Style. 1.