term paper on moral philosophy

Moral Philosophy Essay

The Philosophy Of Moral Relativism

class before, so I was very interested in learning about different philosophies. I came to class with an opened mind and eager with curiosity and was intrigued by the many different philosophical theories. This newfound information influenced my current stance when re-taking the inventory. There were a few questions which I had a change of heart in, most of these questions circled around the philosophy of moral relativism and moral absolutism. At the start of the course, I believed that right and

Studying Moral Philosophy

what is right or wrong?” or in other words: “What and where is the perfect example of living a moral life?” Studying moral philosophy shows us that people hold different worldviews that contain different models of moral justification. Based on the analysis of two philosophies, naturalism and theism, this paper argues that theism provides a better framework for making sense of morality and living a moral live, because it has more explanatory power regarding the notion of free will that people have

Kant 's Philosophy On Moral Philosophy

Kant presented his most notable positions on moral philosophy in his book The Groundwork of Metaphysics of Morals. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel subsequently presented a number of objections to Kant’s positions, mainly in his book The Phenomenology of Spirit. Hegel presents objections to Kant in two different ways, implicitly and explicitly. Hegel gives arguments against Kant’s moral theory as well as the general philosophical thought that produces the moral theory that Kant presents. But in order to

Philosophy : Natural, Moral, And Metaphysical Philosophy

Philosophy and philosophical thought is defined as the study of problems and matters involving existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. Methods philosophers use to try and solve these issues include questioning anything about everything, critical discussions and rational arguments amongst fellow peers and/or general public, as well as systematic presentation aka informing, teaching, convincing. Philosophy is commonly divided into three distinct branches: Natural, Moral, and Metaphysical

Ethics And Moral Philosophies Of Organizations

Ethics and Moral Philosophies The majority of organizations have an obligation to build and operate their business with strong moral principles. Leaders should have the confidence and be comfortable with their decision to move their organization in a particular direction. Whether your company is taking a new direction or not, one of the many moral philosophies to apply is that of privacy. To be accountable by rules and concepts that prevent others access to employee actions and communication

The Philosophy : The Moral Life Essay

three major philosophies- Utilitarianism, Deontology, and Feminism. These three philosophies come up frequently in my life. I judge an event in which philosophy is the main focus. In addition, I like to use these three principles in my moral judgments and decisions. Reaching the end of this class and semester I can say that my knowledge of these three philosophies has expanded immensely. The critical, informational, and literary aspects (stories that provide analysis) of the book The Moral Life has

Moral Philosophy Study Guide

“What is moral philosophy and what would a satisfactory moral theory be like”? In, “The Elements of Moral Philosophy,” James Rachels states, “Moral Philosophy is the study of what morality is and what it requires of us” (p.1). Still today, the subject of ethics, morality, and the beliefs of what is right and wrong still perplex us, just as it baffled great thinkers since ancient times. Such as Aristotle and Socrates, whom were just some of the greatest philosophers in history. Regarding morality

The Moral Philosophy Of Ethical Egoism

Timothy Walter PHI101 – 5:45PM Research Paper The Moral Philosophy of Ethical Egoism “Let him be the best of men, and let him be thought the worst; then he will have been put to the proof; and we shall see whether he will be affected by the fear of infamy and its consequences. And let him continue thus to the hour of death; being just and seeming to be unjust. When both have reached the uttermost extreme, the one of justice and the other of injustice, let judgment be given which is the happier

Moral Philosophy Of Thomas Hobbes

Hobbes’s moral philosophy, and discusses how differences in the interpretation of Hobbes’s moral philosophy can be traced to differing understandings of Hobbes’s laws of nature. Sharon A. Lloyd is a Professor of Philosophy, Law, and Political Science at the University of Southern California, and has extensive knowledge to the moral and moral theory of philosopher Thomas Hobbes. Susanne Sreedhar is an Associate Professor of Philosophy at Boston University, and shares Lloyds interest in moral and political

The Moral Philosophy Of The Mercedes Benz Executive Christoph Von Hugo Essay

making in the future would save the life of the driver and passengers over the life of a pedestrian given those as the only two options. In this paper, I will describe Jeremy Bentham’s moral philosophy of utilitarianism and why he would be in support of this statement; I will also briefly explain Emanuel Kant’s moral theory and why he would be in support of this statement as well. First I will start by explaining Bentham’s version of utilitarianism. This view of morality is based on the principle

Immanuel Kant's Influence On Moral Philosophy

The thinking of Immanuel Kant greatly influenced moral philosophy. He thought of moral value as a unique and universally identifiable property, as an absolute value rather than a relative value. He showed that many practical goods are good only in states-of-affairs described by a sentence containing an "if" clause, e.g., in the sentence, "Sunshine is only good if you do not live in the desert." Further, the "if" clause often described the category in which the judgment was made (art, science, etc

Thomas Hobbes True Moral Philosophy

a true moral philosophy.” To accurately assess this statement, the concept of a true moral philosophy needs to be understood. Once this is understood it then needs to be compared to the laws of nature that Hobbes states in the Leviathan. After comparison we can then either affirm or deny Hobbes’ statement that the laws of nature create the foundation for a true moral philosophy. Hobbes unquestionably creates a moral philosophy, but he falls short in the creation of a true moral philosophy, where

My Moral Philosophy From An Organization Perspective

As I attempt to summarize my moral philosophy from an organizational perspective, I believe it will benefit both the reader and I to establish a basis from which to begin. I have a strong belief in the ideas of environmentalism, to a certain degree. Our environment plays a significant role in our development and lends itself to the shaping of our actions. I find there to be an enormous truth to the words of pioneer psychologist John B. Watson. “Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my

Kant 's Philosophy Of The Metaphysics Of Morals Essay

Kant’s Philosophy of How To Act In the second section of Kant’s Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, Kant argues what is good will. He gives the answer to this question: “good will is the one which follows the categorical imperative to act only according to that maxim which you can at the same time will that it becomes a universal law” (4:421). Kant means good will is to follow the categorical imperative, which only has one principle of acting following the maxim in the universal law. He talks

Political Philosophy Is Not Just Applied Moral Philosophy Essay

Introduction: Political philosophy is the study of basic questions about the state, government, politics, liberty, justice etc. political philosophy is concerned with the concepts and arguments involves in political opinion. It is ethics applied to a group of people, discusses about societies set up.In political philosophy it is important to know what ought to be a person’s relationship in a society. This seeks application of ethical concepts to social sphere. It is a standard which help to analyze

Moral Relativism and Problems Associated With this Philosophy

Moral relativists believe that no one has the right to judge another individuals choice, decisions, or lifestyle because however they choose to live is right for them. In addition everyone has the right to their own moral beliefs and to impose those beliefs on another individual is wrong. At first glance moral relativism may appear ideal in allowing for individual freedom. After all why shouldn’t each individual be entitled to their own idea of moral values and why should others force their beliefs

In James Rachels’ Book, The Elements Of Moral Philosophy,

In James Rachels’ book, The Elements of Moral Philosophy, he explains many things in the ninth chapter. He made statement about philosopher who decided the absolute moral rules. It explains in the beginning, there’s no definite answer for moral rules. Again, it’s about belief, cultural, tradition etc. Truman decision of dropping the bomb created conflict, some disagree and others agree. Categorical imperative and hypothetical imperative are explained with Kant’s conceptive on lying. His argument

Hobbes Writings Of Political And Moral Philosophy

Hobbes writings of political and moral philosophy remain some of the most influential and important reference points in contemporary affairs. One drive in human nature, fear, is a central theme in his works regarding political thought. His thesis works with ideas that order consists of existing harmoniously through avoidance of both danger and the manipulating fear of civil conflict, which can be achieved through our entire faith in single, unaccountable sovereignty of a person or group. Firstly

Immanuel Kant 's Philosophy On Moral And Good And Evil Behavior

Moral philosophy is a branch of philosophy which focuses and investigates the ideas of right and wrong and good and evil behavior. Moral philosophers have researched and justified the logical consequences of moral or ethical beliefs.When we think of morals, we think of rules that tell us which actions are right and which are wrong. But, do human beings have the ability to judge for themselves, based on the facts of a situation, what is right and wrong, what they should do and not do? Well, according

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Moral Philosophy Essays (Examples)

1000 results for “Moral Philosophy” .

Moral Philosophy

Moral Philosophy Can desires and feelings be in accordance with or contrary to reason? Are they under the control of, or guided by, reason? Compare, contrast, and critically evaluate the answers of Aristotle and Hume to these questions and their arguments in support of those answers. David Hume is one of the most significant philosophers of the 18th Century. Hume is skeptical about moral truths, and he ascertains that ethics comes from feelings, and not reason. Hume argues that moral judgments are founded on sentiment, feelings of disapproval or approval and not reason. He furthers ascertains that feelings and desires are independent of reason. According to Hume, reason handles the connection of concepts or matters of fact. An examination of common moral evils discloses neither links of concepts nor matters of fact, but only sentiment (Hume 16). To confirm that desires and feelings are not in accordance with reason, and…

Aristotle. Nicomachean Ethics. Irwin, Hackett, 2nd ed. 1999.

Bentham, Jeremy, John Stuart Mill. Utilitarianism and Other Essay. New York: Penguin 1987.

Hergenhahn, B.R. An introduction to the history of psychology. New York: Cengage Learning, March 30, 2008.

Hume, David. Moral Philosophy. London: Sayre-McCord, Hackett 2006

Moral Philosophy it Is Contemporary Man's Tendency

Moral Philosophy It is contemporary man's tendency to place himself atop of the evolutionary cycle of human development. Today's man with his technology and his gadgets believes that he is superior to his ancestors in many ways. Ancient philosophy and the mystery of its origins are still contemplated and studied in wide fashion today, but only by those who understand the timeless importance of truth and necessity. The purpose of this essay is to describe the relevance of ancient philosophy to the morality of today. This essay will examine how the Platonic school of philosophy, inherited by the ideas of Socrates, The Bible and Kant all have considerably contributed to the modern understanding of morality, action, truth and harmony. Although Socrates never wrote one word that has been found, his ideas carried out by the efforts of Plato and his academic efforts allow his ideas to still live. Solon and…

The New Oxford Annotated Bible. Ed. Michael D. Coogan. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. Print.

"Kant's Moral Philosophy." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Published 6 Apr 2008. Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant-moral/

Plato. Timeaus.

Moral Philosophy the Title 'Moral

(Ethics: The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) In essence, it can be said that moral philosophy is the field in which questions about what is good, what is bad, what is right, what is wrong are all dealt with, in addition to certain moral principles that an average human being follows through his lifetime. Some of the more popular questions which may be raised during a moral philosophy session could be: how must one live? Must one live in pursuit of happiness, or of knowledge, or of both? If one happened to choose to pursue happiness, then must it apply to oneself, or to everyone? It is right to lie or to dishonest, if it is for a good cause? It is right to live with all material benefits, while in some parts of the world people are starving to death? These are just a few of the questions that one…

Ethics" The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved at http://www.iep.utm.edu/e/ethics.htm . Accessed 30 August, 2006

Moore, G.E. (1922) "The nature of moral philosophy, by GE Moore" Philosophical

Studies. Retrieved at http://www.ditext.com/moore/nmp.html . Accessed 30 August, 2006

Sofroniou, Andreas. (2003) "Moral Philosophy, the ethical approach through the ages"

Moral Philosophy and Philosophy of Religion

Moral Philosophy Ethical Theories on Animals. The treatment of animals has historically evolved along with human beings' changing views of them. A number of theories trace this changing treatment to the Judeo-Christian-Islamic times when people exercised absolute dominion over animals (Sanders 2004). It was their religious belief that God gave man absolute dominion over animals and to do to them as he pleased or estimated. French philosopher Rene Descartes and other sadist thinkers reinforced this absolute dominion theory in that, since animals do not have the rational faculties of man, they could be treated as less than human and without mitigation. The non-malevolence theory eliminated mean motives but recognized that man could do what he pleased with animals. This was the position of Hinduism, Jainism and uddhism. German philosopher Immanuel Kant supported the anthropocentric theory, which reduced the dignity of man in proportion to the harm he inflicted on animals.…

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Holt, Tim. The Teleological Argument. Philosophy of Religion, 2005. http://www.philosophyofreligion.info/teleological.html

2. Jones, Roger. Existentialism. Philosopher.org., 2003. http://www.philosopher.org.uk/existen.htm

3. MacDonald, Andrew. Theories of Animal Rights. NSW Young Lawyers Animal Rights Committee, 1995

4. Sanders. Susan E. Wilson. Animal Rights: a Bioethical Approach to Our Relationship with Animals. A lecture on Research Animal Methods, September 13, 2004. http://www.ahsc.arizona.edu/uac/notes/classic.ethics/ethics04.htm

Moral Philosophy What Moral Compass

Review the Feldman reading this week about euthanasia and assisted suicide as well as the online article on Christ's physical death. Many argue that assisted suicide or euthanasia is justified because it relieves a person from suffering. What are your thoughts about euthanasia, given what Christ did for us? If I had the liberty of being perfectly honest about my own genuine response to the issue, I would have to admit that I still do not understand the conceptual relevance of Christ's suffering to a living person's moral right to spare himself or herself from suffering when the only escape is death. To me, allowing a person to escape intractable pain is much more consistent with the notion of God's love and compassion than requiring a person to endure pain against his or her will. Christ did not choose to suffer; his suffering was forced upon him by the wrongful…

Moral Philosophy First Reading Why

This would make the resource pool of charity large enough for the deprived sections of the society. 2): On the issue of morality Singer in his writing refers about the Brazilian film Central Station in which Dora, a poor retired school teacher gets an opportunity to earn $1,000 by handing over a 9-year-old homeless boy to an address where the boy will be fostered by wealthy foreigners. She hands over the boy, earns the money and buys a television to enjoy, only to be told by his neighbor that the boy will be killed and his organs used for human transplant. Dora gets upset and she decides to bring back the boy. In this situation Dora becomes a pawn of an immoral act without her knowledge following which she suffers from emotional turmoil. Had Dora acted otherwise without expressing any qualms of her actions, the author maintains, the audience would…

Marquis, Don. Why Abortion is Immoral.

Singer, Peter. The Singer Solution to World Poverty.

Narveson, Jan. Feeding the Hungry.

Moral decisions in business are best served by adhering to the ethical code of rule ultilitarianism. ule utilitarianism provides a workable code for businesses, especially in the wake of the Enron and WorldCom financial scandals. By adopting rule utilitarianism, businesses can help to prevent serious damage caused by decisions based solely on the consequences of a single act, and instead allow businesses to focus on ethical rules that ensure the best long-term benefit for society. Utilitarianism is a type of normative ethics, and as such is interested in the practical standards that deal with right and wrong actions. In many ways, normative ethics acts as a "search for an ideal litmus test of proper behavior" (The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy). Further, utilitarianism is a consequentialist theory of ethics, and as such determines ethical conduct by looking at the consequences of actions (The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy). In essence, ultitarianism argues…

Buschert, Will. Notes on Utilitarianism. PHIL 235.3 - Ethical Issues in Business and the Professions. 09 May 2004. http://duke.usask.ca/~wjb289/PHL235/transparencies/Utilitarianism.PDF

Lahart, Justin. The death of confidence: WorldCom's gigantic fraud may send investors to the exits for a long, long time. CNN.com, July 8, 2002: 10:20 AM EDT. 09 May 2004. http://money.cnn.com/2002/06/26/news/worldcom_shoedrops/

The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Ethics. 09 May 2004. http://www.iep.utm.edu/e/ethics.htm

Bentham Utility Jeremy Bentham's philosophical theory of utilitarianism presented a unique metaphysic that may apply to some ways of practical though. The theory itself is an ethical guideline used to help present cases of morality. The theory, developed in the 19th century supposes that right action corresponds with the result that produces the most good. When an action has accomplished such a transition is said to have some sort of utility and therefore useful in its applications. To me, the theory is too dogmatic, confusing and does not address ethics in a very frank and honest way. To understand this theory and to see how it applies in a personal manner requires an investigation into some of the key terms of the theory to explore their meanings and see how they contribute to the general argument. One issue I have with this theory is its avoidance of quality in respect…

Buckminster Fuller Institute (nd). Synergetics. Viewed 3 April 2014. Retrieved from http://bfi.org/about-fuller/big-ideas/synergetics

Kant Theories and Criticism Kant's Theories and Criticism Kant's Theories and Criticism Kant's work with respect to good will and morality is appreciable but is also criticized in numerous manners. The philosophical phenomenon of Kant addresses the moral conduct with respect to good will but fails to address this acceptance universally. In this study, the contribution and postulation of Kant are discussed and are enlightened with respect to the critics that are made against his work. To Maria Von Herbert, January 1793 To Kant, from Maria Von Herbert Kant has determined the three types of motivation which enables the individuals to carry out certain activities and adopt certain behaviors in their life which comprises on ones' thinking about the rightfulness of that activity, the extent of pleasure related to performing such rightful activities and ones' tendency to be impelled in order to carry out certain tasks. This degree of motivation…

Kant, I. (2002). Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals.Yale University Press.

Korsgaard, C. (1986). The right to lie: Kant on dealing with evil. Philosophy and Public Affairs 15(4), 325-349.

Langton, R. (2012). Maria von Herbert's challenge to Kant.Ethics: Essential Readings in Moral Theory, 377.

Kant and Mills Moral Philosophy

Thus, according to Mill, a state of thriving morality would be that in which each individual constantly pursues his own happiness and at the same time that of the others, through all his actions. Mills uses as a central argument for his theory of morality the 'golden rule' of Christianity, as he calls it, which states that each individual should only act as he in his turn would be acted upon by his fellow beings and that each person should love his neighbor as himself: "In the golden rule of Jesus we read the complete spirit of the ethics of utility: 'to do as you would be done by' and 'to love your neighbor as yourself."(Mills, 17) Morality is thus grounded on the awareness and the pursuit of individual good as well as the good of the whole. Of the two theories described here, Kant's metaphysics of morality seems to…

Works Cited

Kant, Immanuel. Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals.

Mill, John Stuart. What is Utilitarianism.

Why Does Prichard Think Moral Philosophy Rest on a Mistake

Prichard Moral Philosophy Why does Prichard think moral philosophy rest on a mistake? Prichard believes that moral philosophy rests on mistake for a variety of reasons. Moral theory in essence attempts to define whether people can distinguish right from wrong. When a person performs any action, the action must logically result from a motivating factor or thought process. Moral worth and philosophy is determined by the motive of a person, and consequently rests on mistake, because the concept of good and evil or right vs. wrong according to Prichard should not rest on motive. Prichard questions what as a people, are "we really going to learn by Moral Philosophy" and states that the "aim of the subject" of moral philosophy is obscure (Prichard, 1912). Prichard believes that the subject of moral philosophy as typically defined and understood by society rests on a mistake that is parallel to a subject called…

Bibliography

Prichard. "Does Moral Philosophy Rest On Mistake?" Mind, N.S. Vol 21, 1912. Retrieved December 15, 2003, http://www.ditext.com/prichard/mistake.html

Morality." Retrieved December 15, 2003, http://www.peacegames.com/Consensus/morality.html

Kant's Moral Philosophy

Sleepers in the Context Of Kant's Moral Philosophy Barry Levinson's 1996 motion picture Sleepers provides viewers with a shocking (and intriguing at the same time) account involving a group of boys who perform a horrible crime as a result of wanting to prank someone and end up in a juvenile center where they are subjected to a series of brutal abuses. The scene when the boys accidentally kill a person as they want to prank the hot dog vendor is especially interesting. Looking at matters from a perspective involving Kant's moral philosophy, it would seem that it is wrong to judge the boys solely based on how they murder an innocent human being. When considering Kant's moral philosophy, it seems that the boys have a complex understanding of the situation they are in and of the role they need to play in this respective situation. Kant's Categorical Imperative theory perfectly…

Ethics Is a Moral Philosophy

There are several ways that BP could have chosen to respond, all of which were "open" to them (i.e. they had free will), yet those chose to take paths that were less moral. Kant's universal law would have them put their responsibility to humanity as the motivator, however, their motives have not proven to be driven by doing what is genuinely good for humanity. Blackburn (2009) states that it is tricky to apply the categorical imperative and that the most persuasive examples of it being effective are in cases where there is an institution whose existence depends on sufficient performance by a sufficient number of individuals. Suppose, as is plausible, that our ability to give and receive promises depends upon general compliance with the principle of keeping promises. Were we to break them sufficiently often, or were promise-breaking to become a 'law of nature,' then there would be no such…

References:

Blackburn, S. (2009). Ethics: A very short introduction. New York: Oxford University Press.

Kant, I. (2010). Groundwork of the metaphysic morals. Trans H.J. Paton. Introduction philosophy: Classical and contemporary readings. Eds. John Perry, Michael Bratman,

and John Martin Fischer. (5th edition). New York: Oxford. 504-20.

Lyon, Susan. (2010). Climate Progress. Retrieved on August 24, 2010, from the Web site:

Philosophy Reality Philosophy and Technology

For example, before Newton, gravity was not considered a reality because the force of gravity itself cannot be perceived via the senses. The scientific method corrects for sensory shortcomings. However, philosophers must endeavor to think beyond that which the senses deliver. Morality, Philosophy, and Technology Discussion 1: Human/Robot Interface Current robotics technologies depend on strong human controls; no android exists that can survive independently of a human being either for its creation or for its sustenance. No android can therefore be considered alive in any reasonable definition of the word. Therefore, robots are dependent on humans. Robots do not make decisions; humans make decisions and program robots to execute those decisions. In the same way that a human being operates an automatic weapon to kill another person, so too does a human being operate a robot to kill another person. Therefore, human beings are always responsible for the actions carried…

Philosophy Plato's Works on Euthyphro

The question arising from this claim is whether evidence exists to prove that there exists an infinitely good, powerful, and wise God where morality naturally emerges. Humes argues that is hard to imagine that an all-good, powerful God exists in this world full of pain and misery. From these claims, one can argue that this insight, or God, has both evil and good, as is present in man if man is in God's image and likeliness. Immanuel Kant: from the Critique of Pure Reason, the Good Will and the Categorical Imperative, the Postulates of Practical Reason Kant believes that the vigorous application of same methods of reasoning can yield to an equal development in dealing with the issues of moral philosophy. Kant proposes a list of categories of Freedom in Relation to the concept of good vs. evil. Kant uses logical distinction as the basis for the catalog. Even though…

Moral Theology in Today's Economically

The principle of harmony's job is to take corrective actions when needed in order to create the balance of economic justice between the principles. For example, when the other two principles are violated by such things as unjust social barriers to either participation or distribution, the principle of harmony works to eradicate these barriers and thus restore economic harmony, or justice. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, economic harmonies is defined as "laws of social adjustment under which the self-interest of one man or group of men, if given free play, will produce results offering the maximum advantage to other men and the community as a whole." In other words, whereas the other two principles are controlled by the free market, the principle of economic harmony is controlled by the government through laws and regulations aimed at controlling the negative effects of the free market. Examples of such controls are…

Bretzke, James T. A Morally Complex World: Engaging Contemporary Theology.

Curran, Charles. The Catholic Church, Morality and Politics. www.networklobby.org/resources/index.html.

Curran, Charles. The Catholic Moral Tradition Today. Center for Economic and Social Justice. www.cesj.org/thirdway/economicjustice-defined.htm

Elliott, Hanna. "Stereotypes of Religious Voters Don't Fit." Associated Baptist Press, 03 Nov. 2006.

Moral Environment

Moral Environment Ayn Rand's The Ethics of Emergencies speaks about the value of selfishness or self-interest. Although "selfishness" might seem negative at first, Rand's explanation makes quite a bit of sense. Rand speaks about selfishness as a rational process in which a person sets his/her hierarchy of values and lives according to those values in order to achieve the moral purpose of life: one's own happiness. Summary of The Ethics of Emergencies According to Ayn Rand's The Ethics of Emergencies, the moral purpose of life is to achieve one's own happiness. Describing her belief in Objectivism in 1962, Rand stated, "Man -- every man -- is an end in himself, not the means to the ends of others. He must exist for his own sake, neither sacrificing himself to others nor sacrificing others to himself. The pursuit of his own rational self-interest and of his own happiness is the highest…

Dictionary.com LLC. (2012). Altruism. Retrieved on June 10, 2012 from thesaurus.com Web site: http://thesaurus.com/browse/altruism?s=t

Peikoff, L. (2012). Malevolent universe premise. Retrieved on June 10, 2012 from aynrandlexicon.com Web site: http://aynrandlexicon.com/lexicon/malevolent_universe_premise.html

Rand, A. (1964). The Ethics of Emergencies. In A. Rand, & N. Branden, The Virtue of Selfishness (pp. 49-56). New York, NY: New American Library, a division of Penguin Group (USA), Inc.

Rand, A. (2012). Introducing Objectivism. Retrieved on June 10, 2012 from aynrandlexicon.com Web site: http://aynrandlexicon.com/ayn-rand-ideas/introducing-objectivism.html

Philosophy Narrow and Preference Hedonism

Life is a collection of feelings, and everything that gives us a good feeling will certainly give us happiness. For every person there is a different definition of happiness. Some people associate happiness with spiritual satisfaction which people achieve by practicing their religious activities. The gist of the discussion lies in the point that happiness is relative. One thing might make one person happy and the other sad. There are two sides to every slice therefore you cannot just consider one factor and declare one theory of happiness or school of thought right or wrong. The battle of objectivity vs. subjectivity is different for every situation. For situations where objectivity is needed narrow hedonism theory of happiness will be considered more plausible as compare to the need for relativity from situation to situation and feeling to feeling will lead to the victory of preference hedonism theory of happiness. Factor Two:…

Dantz, G. (2012). A Reference Guide to Hedonism. Webster's Digital Services.

Edwards, R.B. (1979). Pleasures and Pain: A theory of qualitative hedonism. N.Y.: Cornell University Press.

Feldman, F. (2004). Pleasure and the Good Life: Concerning the Nature, Varieties, and Plausibility of Hedonism. Oxford University Press.

Feldman, F., Dancy, J., & Sosa, E. (1997). Utilitarianism, Hedonism, and Desert: Essays in Moral Philosophy. Cambridge University Press.

Morality and the Claims of

Moreover, caring for her mother, the other option, would surely: a) create a feeling of being "unfulfilled" which brings with it depression and resentfulness; b) leave her with nothing to look forward to but the dark day when her mother actually passes away; and c) realize after a short time that she is not "a Mother Teresa" and that her live would be diminished (Stuart, 25). hat does Stuart believe is the right choice for Alice? Stuart asserts that the virtue that carries the most weight in this instance is having Alice care for her mother. Giving up her career for her mother would outweigh the "…virtues of perseverance, love of truth…and self-knowledge" should she decide to go forward with her dissertation (26). hat Stuart also mentions -- and this is a prime reason for this writer to believe Alice should find a competent person to be a caregiver for…

Hill, T.E.. "Assessing Moral Rules: Utilitarian and Kantian Perspectives." Philosophical Issues,

15(1), (2005): 158-178

Mautner, Thomas. "Act-Utilitarianism." The Penguin Dictionary of Philosophy. Retrieved June 12, 2013, from http://utilitarianism.org . 2008.

Rivera, Lisa. "Sacrifices, Aspirations and Morality: Williams Reconsidered." Ethical Theory and Moral Practice. 10.1 (2007): 69-87.

Philosophy Cicero

Cicero's " Practical Code of Behavior" Cicero in his "A Practical Code of Behavior" wrote as if writing a letter to his son telling the boy ways to live and be a proper person. In truth, this was only a literary device, and Cicero was actually writing a moral code for the aristocracy of his time. This is indicated as he cites a number of aristocratic authorities in the beginning of his letter, holding up Publius Cornelius Scipio as the ideal to be emulated and the man who conquered Hannibal at Zama in 202 B.C. Clearly, Cicero is speaking to the educated class, for he expects his readers to be familiar with philosophy and with the tenets of philosophic inquiry, for "every part of philosophy is fruitful and rewarding, none barren or desolate" (160). Moral philosophy in particular is "indispensable" (161) and it is a moral philosophy that Cicero is…

Cicero. Selected Works (tr. Michael Grant). New York: Penguin, 1971.

Moral Objectivism to Moral Scepticism

Moral Objectivism to Moral Skepticism (a) According to Kant, what is the difference between "a posteriori" knowledge and "a priori" knowledge? What kind of knowledge would the statement "All triangles have three sides" be? What about the statement "The 44th U.S. President is African-American"? A posteriori knowledge is knowledge 'after the fact' or knowledge based upon experience, versus a priori knowledge, which is knowledge which can be based upon pure, deductive reasoning (Johnson 2014). The idea that all triangles by definition have three sides can be known a priori, based upon mathematical, deductive logic. However, the statement that the 44th U.S. President is an African-American requires experience to understand, given that the president's race (regardless of what that race might be) does not logically flow from the condition of being president. (b) Upon a Utilitarian account, would the statement "The assassination of MLK was wrong" be an example of a…

Johnson, R. (2014). Kant's moral philosophy. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Retrieved from:

http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2014/entries/kant-moral

Palmer, A. (2012). Arguments from queerness and relativity. Mission to Transition.

Morality Relativism and Beliefs

One relativistic belief that I find that some people hold is regarding abortion. Some people say, “Well, I would never have one,” implying that there is something immoral or unjustified about the action (at least in their case), and then they will follow that up with a statement like, “But I don’t think other people should be denied the right to have one,” suggesting that there is in fact nothing immoral or unjustifiable about it. This appears to me to be a case of, “What’s not good for me is not necessarily bad for you.” While some philosophers, like Kant, might argue that relativism is part of understanding how morality must be viewed in individual cases, other philosophers will suggest that just as there is a subjective side to judgment there is also an objective side to judgment and that some actions can be judged objectively as immoral, even if…

Morality From a Philosophical Perspective

2306 Kant. Consider situation: You ill life support. You a transplant organs continue living. Your parents decided biological child specifically organ transplant child / matures a level (assume part organ child survive) Kant's assumption on the present matter is reflected in the well-known maxim and law, "act only in accordance with that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it become a universal law." (Stanford, 2004) Most often this "law" is interpreted as being a set of questions one must ask himself before undergoing a certain action. More precisely, the first step in determining whether the course of action one is about to take is morally correct or not is to actually formulate that action and provide a reasoning for it. Secondly, it is important to consider that action and that reasoning multiplied at a universal level, thought of this action as being a universal law…

Kerstein, S. (2009) Treating Others Merely as Means in "Utilitas" Vol. 21, No. 2, June, University of Cambridge, available online at http://faculty.philosophy.umd.edu/SKerstein/Kersteinmeremeans.pdf

New York University. (n.d) Means and ends. Available at http://philosophy.fas.nyu.edu/docs/IO/1881/scanlon.pdf

Stanford Enciclopedia of Phylosophy. (2004) Kant's Moral Philosophy. Available at

Philosophy While There Is Plenty to Criticize

Philosophy While there is plenty to criticize in the work of Descartes, Locke, and Hume, one cannot justifiably claim that Jose Vasconcelos criticisms of traditional Western views on the nature of knowledge apply to these theorists if only because Vasconcelos' criticisms do not really apply to anything, as his criticisms are largely based on straw men. This is not to say that traditional Western views on the nature of knowledge should be free from criticism, but rather that the problems with these traditional views are more fundamental than Vasconcelos realizes, to the point that Vasconcelos suffers from many of these same issues. Essentially, both Vasconcelos and the previously mentioned authors suffer from a simply ignorance regarding the functioning of the human brain, the nature of consciousness and memory, and the evolutionary processes by which organisms and ideas evolve, with this ignorance born out of an implicit or explicit maintenance of…

Philosophy in Kant's Groundwork of

Since a hypothetical imperative represents one of many possibilities that are only means to an end, they cannot be objectively necessary, and therefore do not have the same command over human behavior as a categorical imperative. As Kant notes, commands are laws that we must obey, even when they contradict our inclinations (27). (b) If we treat others as a means to an end, then we use them in service of another goal. However, if we treat others as an end in themselves, then we respect them without regard to any other goals or ends. To treat someone as a means to an end is to make them less important than some end result, whereas to treat someone as an end in themselves makes them the final and most important consideration. Slavery may be the most offensive example of using others as a means to an end, but there are…

Moral and Emotional Responses to the Challenge

Moral and Emotional Responses to the Challenge of Thrasymachus Might makes right. So suggests the character of Thrasymachus in Plato's "Republic." In other words, justice and morality is merely defined by who is stronger. The proper role of morality in both reason and the emotions is dependant simply upon what one wants to do, at that point in time, and how one can best achieve one's objective. In politics, the strongest person defines what is just and moral, because the strongest person will always rule according to the real world laws of the political jungle. Socrates, of course, offers the opposing view, that only the wisest should rule, the philosopher kings of the ideal state, who put subjective emotion aside and rule purely by objective reason. While Thrasymachus suggests that 'the world,' that is the material existence around us (including our emotions) should be the ultimate proving-ground of any moral…

Philosophy of Life

Philosophies of Life: Personal and Traditional hen one considers the many aspects of one's "inner life," it becomes clear that most, if not all of them are based upon some philosophical conception. Psychologists have long known that individuals, who have a strong sense of their life's purpose, as well as a spiritual, religious, or ethical viewpoint, tend to live longer, healthier lives. Further, they are less likely to suffer from depressive episodes (Hassad, 2000). Although each person's individual "philosophy of life" is different, there are some well-known philosophical interpretations that can shed some light upon common attitudes concerning personal identity. Six famous life philosophies are attributed to Socrates, Freud, Albert Camus, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Muhammad. Although there are several ways in which one can interpret the meaning of life and personal identity, perhaps one of the most useful steps one can take in the process is to recognize…

Locke, John. "Some Thoughts Concerning Education." 1693. Retrieved from Web site on May 3, 2005< http://www.socsci.kun.nl/ped/whp/histeduc/locke/locke052.html

Hassad, Craig J. "Depression: dispirited or spiritually deprived?" Medical Journal of Australia. 2000. Web site. Retrieved on May 3, 2005 http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/173_10_201100/hassed/hassed.html

Todd, Oliver. "Albert Camus: A Life." Knopf. New York. 1997.

Philosophy it Seemed Was One

The central ideas about this knowledge may be categorized into four parts: knowledge, wisdom, belief, and opinion. Some are individualized -- some culturally based, some based solely on sensory perception, and some, from consideration. In its most practical state, "knowledge" may be information about which we are aware -- facts, figures, accepted truths, ways of doing things. Wisdom, in contrast, takes that knowledge and allows individuals to make judgments and decisions based on knowledge -- presumably gained through experience or the process of learning. Belief is a culturally (thus cognitively) based make up of what we hold to be true simply because we innately know it without the need of proof or method. Opinion, is a personalized belief of judgment that has no proof, no certainty, but generally takes in information (whether correct or not) and synthesizes it into an idea that allows for individuals to have stands and strong…

Philosophy of Life Humans Have a Distinguishing

Philosophy of Life Humans have a distinguishing nature, which defines the way they think, act, and feel. The human nature has influenced the culture that humans have kept with each other. In my observation, humans have a distinct culture that defines their operations and activities. For many years, many studies have been carried out to establish the human nature, which defines all human beings. Various views on the nature of human beings have been developed to explain human behaviors and mannerisms. Aristotle and Plato argued that humans may be explained as conjugal animals because they couple when adults to build household. It is also argued that humans are political animals with the potential of developing complex communities besides being mimetic (Oruka, 1996). ecent years have seen the development of modern views on the nature of humans, such as, a being with potency to think, develop, and replicate. This modern view…

Corning, P. (2003). The Fate of Humankind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Evernden, L. (1998). Humankind and Environment. New York: University of Toronto Press.

Evans, E. (2012). Philosophy for Life. New York: Ebury Publishing.

Oruka, O. (1996). Philosophy, Humanity and Ecology. London: DIANE Publishing.

Philosophy Immanual Kant's Ethics Have

" (ohlf) These maxims may be as simple as gratifying a desire or something complex like becoming a lawyer. Kant then distinguishes between two basic kinds of maxims: material and formal principles. If I am acting in order to satisfy some desire, such as going to a Starbucks to get a coffee, that is acting on a material principle. According to Kant, maxims are rules that describe how one does act and imperatives prescribe how one should act. A categorical imperative commands that I should act in some way unconditionally. Kant regards these categorical imperatives as moral laws and they apply to everyone in the same way. In other words, if stealing is morally wrong, we cannot say that stealing is okay., because we are hungry and lack the money to buy food for ourselves or our families. Part II Kant's Categorical Imperative commands that we should act in some…

McCormick, M. (2005) Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, A Peer-Reviewed Academic Resource.

"Immanual Kant:Metaphysics." (June 2005). Retrieved from http://www.iep.utm.edu/kantmeta/#SH8a.

Rohlf, Michael, "Immanuel Kant," The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2010 Edition),

Edward N. Zalta (ed.), Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2010/entries/kant/ >.

Philosophy General Given That Experience Is Argued

Philosophy (general) Given that experience is argued to be the foundation of knowledge (according to Locke) how - if at all - does Locke make room for what Leibniz would call 'necessary truths'? Gottfried Leibniz made many criticisms of the work of John Locke, while acknowledging its sophistication and importance, observing that 'although the author of the Essays says hundreds of fine things which I applaud, our systems are very different' (Leibniz, 1982, p. 47). There is indeed a philosophical gulf between the two thinkers. Locke does not believe human beings can have any access to accurate knowledge of the actually existing reality of things, their 'real essence.' Only through the words we use to stand for things do we have any relationship to those things: Nor indeed can we rank and sort things, and consequently (which is the end of sorting) denominate them, by their real essences; because we…

Leibniz, G.W. (1982). New Essays on Human Understanding. Translated by P. Remnant and J. Bennett. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Leibniz, G.W. (1698) The Monadology. Translated by Robert Latta. At http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl302/texts/leibniz/monadology.html

Locke, J. (1690). An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. At http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl302/texts/locke/locke1/Essay_contents.html

Philosophy Socrates Was a Proud Citizen of

Philosophy Socrates was a proud citizen of Athens. He loved his native state so much that when he was condemned before her courts, he prefered to be sentences to death instead of exile, because to be away from Athens would have been unbearable to him. He had fought bravely in her wars and won great acclaim, and laid his life on the line for her protection. Considering the degree of patriotism with which Socrates was endowed, it is strange and ironic that he was brought up on charges of corrupting the youth and challenging the laws of his state. It may in fact have been Socrates' passion for the egalitarian values of Athens that led to his prosection and death. As the first democracy, ancient Athens was a society where lawsuits ran rampant. In that day many people seemed to scorn the constant suing, and it was a matter of…

Aristophanes. Birds. Project Gutenberg Edition. http://www.promo.net/pg

Plato. Apology. Project Gutenberg Edition. http://www.promo.net/pg

Philosophy - Rights and Freedoms

However, in principle, the rules and laws of society merely ensure our freedom from unwanted behavior of others. In many cases, in fact, the particular rules themselves are purely arbitrary, such as the simple rules of the road about stopping on a red signal and going on a green signal because the reverse rule would be just as good. The purpose of the rules of the road are simply to protect us from accidents. Likewise, acquiring a drivers' license as a condition of driving is intended to ensure that anybody who drives a heavy vehicle capable of maiming and killing is competent to do so without exposing others to risks. Other rules of society are much harder to justify because they regulate conduct that affects nobody else. For example, prohibiting driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs have a legitimate purpose of protecting others. On the other hand, prohibitions…

Russell, B. (1992) the Basic Writings of Bertrand Russell. (Edited by Egner & Denonn). London: Routledge

Philosophy Socrates Has Been Accused of Not

Philosophy Socrates has been accused of not recognizing the gods of the state, and also of inventing gods of his own. In fact, this is a two-part accusation. Socrates is first being accused for not believing in the state-sanctioned religion. Of course, it is impossible to know what Socrates does or does not believe. Based on his words, though, it would seem Socrates does actually believe in the gods although may not pay them the kind of respect that the Athenian courts would prefer. The second part of the accusation is different. Here, the state accuses Socrates of inventing new divinities of his own. Socrates is in fact not starting a new religion and he does not tout the divine authority of any deity. If the accusation is taken collectively, that is, if declaration of guilt or innocence is made on the fulfillment of both these two parts, then Socrates…

Plato. Apology. Translated by Benjamin Jowett. Retrieved online: http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/apology.html

Plato. Euthyphro. Translated by Benjamin Jowett. Retrieved online: http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/euthyfro.html

Philosophy's Practical Value From the

When we consider our own philosophies about many things, we are forced to make judgments determining what is most important to us. It is only through this kind of examination that we really learn what our real beliefs and values are. In addition, through this kind of examination, we have the ability to become so in-tune with our philosophies that we make decisions that truly reflect what we believe without having to ponder deeply. It is for this reason that an examination of our philosophies has a practical value to daily living. Thus, philosophy is not simply something practiced by the ancient scholars. Instead, it is a practical tool that helps us better understand ourselves. Through both philosophy and an examination of our philosophies, we look at our world in an enlightened, purposeful manner, and we have the ability to better understand it.

Philosophy the Value of Philosophy The Subject

Philosophy The Value of Philosophy: The subject of philosophy concerns itself with understanding of the self, humanity and the universe in an attempt to arrive at or define a "unified, coherent, systematic world view." (Para 4, p. 35) Such broad definitions of philosophy often lead to a viewpoint that philosophy is of interest only to the world of academia, characterized as it is by debate and the lack of consensus. While it is true that philosophy may be considered to be eternally evolving, perhaps in keeping with the very evolution of human kind, the fact is that the study of philosophy holds immense personal and practical value for the simple self-evident truth that philosophy pervades every aspect of life: "...a moral being, a social and political animal, an appreciator of art and beauty, a perceiver and knower, a scientist, a religionist...all these aspects of humanity and self are areas of…

Philosophy Kant's Theories of Good Will One

Philosophy Kant's Theories of Good Will One of Kant's examples of good well is an action that is taken with good intentions; he calls it good because the volition of the action is good. There is no good will in an action taken for the good it might do for others or for the good it might do potentially for the person taking the action. Kant's sense of good will dictates that good will is not good for what the consequences it effects. Kant's concept of good will dictates that something is not good because of how appropriate the action is toward accomplishing a specific end. Even if the action taken did not result in the desired action or even a good action, the value of the good will is not lost, forgotten, or diminished. Good will rises above personal motivation or desire of the person taking the action and…

Philosophy and Morality Instructions the Exam Consists

Philosophy and Morality INSTRUCTIONS The exam consists essays. Please essays document. Please plagiarize. Be paraphrase verbatim language authors putting quotation marks. You document sources, -text citation ( footnotes) a reference page. Philosophy John Arthur's "Morality, Religion, and Conscience," A concern on the relationship between morality and religion is an ancient argument that continues in philosophy in the present times. The argument is mainly on whether morality emanates from an institution or religious background. Theologians in their numbers provide unwavering support the argument that a unifying absolute force or God provides universal moral guidance. The importance of observing morality and religion as independent on one another but related in some way has been argued by other philosophers (Lyons 479). John Arthur argues that morality and religion are not interlocking in relevant manners. Arthur argues that morality in independent from religion and religion does not influence moral action. It is his contention…

Arthur, J. "Morality, Religion, and Conscience." In Morality and Moral Controversies: Readings in Moral, Social, and Political Philosophy. Ed. edition, by John Arthur. Seventh. Upper Saddle River, N.J.:: Pearson Prentice Hall:, 2005. Print.

Hare, R.M. Moral Thinking: Its Levels, Method and Point. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981. Print.

Lyons, William. "Conscience - an Essay in Moral Psychology." Philosophy 84.330 (2009): 477-94. Print.

Merle, Jean-Christophe. "A Kantian Critique of Kant's Theory of Punishment." Law and Philosophy 19.3 (2000): 311-38. Print.

Philosophy What Was Nietzsche's Purpose

The ultimate evil, as opposed to the ultimate 'badness' is to deny higher humanity's potential to individually realize its aims in a state of freedom. Any attempt to create a philosophy that is eternal, and transcends time and space, and must hem in human freedom is a lie and a product of a particular individual's psyche, rather than an external reality. Faith and feeling, even intellectual knowledge, is a product of a would-be master's physical and mental state of being, and nothing else. Thus, a person with a slave mentality will by definition produce an enslaving system of morality, which Nietzsche believes is characteristic of Christianity, which champions the weak above the strong. The more slave-like the mentality, the more the individual will fear the strong, and use morality as a tool against the strong people whom he fears. It might seem that Nietzsche's vision of morality, because it denies…

Philosophy Challenging Naturalist Critiques of

hat is needed, then, is a concept of free will that can effectively counter the claims of naturalists that there is no physical basis for free will. It requires a different kind of free will that permits moral responsibility to be leveled squarely at the individual without ignoring the reality that sometimes there are external causes to internal decisions. In fact, some philosophers have even used the conceptual tools of the naturalists to make the argument that free will can exist in a deterministic world. Daniel Dennet argues that the deterministic universe provides the reliable framework of reality by which informed, individual choices can be made (Bailey par. 14-17). ithout some determinism in the universe, it would be impossible for free will to functionally exist, because no one would ever be able to make a rational choice in a purely chaotic world. So free will requires some level of determinism.…

Bailey, Ronald. "Pulling Our Own Strings." Reason May 2003. 3 Mar. 2007 http://www.reason.com/news/show/28782.html .

Clark, Tom. "Is Free Will a Necessary Fiction?" Naturalism.org. Nov. 2005. 3 Mar. 2007 http://www.naturalism.org/fiction.html.

D'Holbach, Baron. "We Are Completely Determined." In Philosophy: The Quest for Truth. 6th ed. Ed. Louis P. Pojman. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006: 333-338.

Frost, S.E. Basic Teachings of the Great Philosophers. New York: Anchor Books, 1989.

Philosophy Rejecting the Law and

This means that if someone has a problem with a law, there is an opportunity for that person to take action that can result in the law being changes. This is an opportunity that Socrates had. As noted, he was aware that he was disobeying moral laws. However, he also acted as if the laws did not exist and failed to recognize the reality of them. In doing so, he lost his opportunity to change them. In doing so, he also rejected the fact that he does exist as part of a larger system and ignored the fact that the laws still exist for everyone else, regardless of whether he accepts them. In considering Socrates' opinions on the laws, it seems that if he felt strongly enough to reject them, he should have felt strongly enough to take some action to change them. This is Socrates problem, where he both…

Plato. "Apology." In Five Dialogues: Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Meno, Phaedo. Trans. G.M.A. Grube. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 1981.

Philosophy in the Scenario George

e., it removes subjectivity as a vantage point). It is also hard to tell how much unhappiness is created and how to weigh it against the happiness that is created (e.g., how much George would hate his job?, how much suffering will the warmonger go through because he did not get this job?). Further, quantification of happiness or suffering becomes a real issue when trying to determine things on a macro scale. For example, does the tiniest amount of world happiness outweigh a huge amount of individual suffering? How much world happiness is necessary if not? Second, utilitarianism relies on the outcomes of the actions in order to determine morality. If war breaks out and all of the United States is whipped out because George begrudgingly did his job, dragging his feet the whole time, then his action to take the job was wrong. He would have caused the devastation…

Philosophy Morals Case Study 1

Because of their unwillingness to wear protective equipment they are putting the entire workforce at risk for injury. The advantage of using this theory is that it allows one to come up with a fairly simple equation that can be used to determine the number of people affected and by how much. The disadvantage of this theory is that it is sometimes hard to figure out how to assign units of happiness to the actions that you are trying to measure (Shaw & Barry, 2007, pp. 45-46). There are many elements of subjectiveness when trying to apply this theory, but in this particular case I feel that the danger that all workers would be exposed to far outweighs some individuals that would be happier not wearing their protective equipment. Not only is their danger to the workers but there is also dangers to the plant as a whole. If a…

Shaw, W.H. & Barry, V. (2007). Moral issues in business. (10th ed.). USA: Thomson

Moral Criticisms of the Market Moral Criticisms

Moral Criticisms of the Market Moral Criticisms Market This assignment requires read article Ken S. Ewert (found eading & Study folder). Note article, Ewert defending free market "Christian Socialists." He states position a rebuttal Moral criticisms of the market: A critique of Ewert's analysis It is interesting to read Ken S. Ewert's 1989 criticisms of 'Christian socialists' in light of current debates on other types of economic policies today. Ewert portrays Christian, leftist defenders of socialism as impervious to logic, in contrast to other former critics of capitalism, who grew more acclimated to capitalist principles in light of the failure of the Soviet Union Similar criticisms are made of 21st century religious fundamentalists, who stress the need for private enterprise to address societal problems 'on principle,' even when public regulation might be helpful and who try to define science, including science education, in religious terms rather than in terms of…

Ewert, Kenneth. (1989). Moral criticisms of the market. FEE. Retrieved:

http://www.fee.org/the_freeman/detail/moral-criticisms-of-the-market

Moral Skepticism and Moral Knowledge

Moral Skepticism and Knowledge Moral Skepticism and Moral Knowledge Morality is a much debated philosophical idea, wherein the arguments range from ethical egoism being the perfect sample of moral ethics to altruism being the perfect -- and otherwise opposite -- viewpoint. Both ideas have strong followings, and ethical egoism along is broadened to even more branches within philosophical studies. There is still much reconciliation to be done between the various problems of philosophical thought and ethical egoism or lack thereof. Ethical Egoism Ethical egoism is a particular form of egoism where one who is moral "ought" to do what is in one's self-interest. The morality behind egoism generally points toward the idea of self-interest; that a moral being's moral path is by focusing on one's self. This type of egoism should not be mistaken for psychological egoism, however. Psychological egoism makes a claim that beings act only in their self-interest.…

Blackburn, Simon. The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1994. Print.

Hume, David. A Treatise of Human Nature,. London: J.M. Dent & Sons, 1911. Print.

Jefferson, Thomas. "Letter from Jefferson to Thomas Law." The Founding Faith Archive. 13 June 1814. Web. 20 Apr. 2011. .

Rand, Ayn, and Leonard Peikoff. Atlas Shrugged. New York, NY: Signet, 2007. Print.

Philosophy - Economic Ethics the

Further Consideration of the Issues: Actually, Singer's use of the term absolute affluence is not perfectly analogous (because the corresponding analog to the conditions of absolute poverty are those of extravagant wealth not working class wealth), but the idea itself is still valid just the same. The point is simply that once human society in part of the world reached the point where even most of those considered "poor" receive adequate nutrition, shelter, and the most basic emergency medical care (etc.), a moral duty arises whereby helping the less fortunate should be more important than self-centered concerns about increasing one's wealth relative to others in the manner that different levels of affluence are defined in wealthier nations. It is important that Singer acknowledges the difference between ideals that people should uphold and ideals that people must uphold, because it is likely impossible to establish a logical justification for compelled charity,…

Philosophy of Law Given the

He did so, his client was convicted, and now his client is appealing that conviction. In the meantime, there was no way that his client could have given him those details of the other rapes unless he had committed them, so the lawyer knows that he is guilty of the other crimes. Whether the lawyer is concerned about his client and whether he will be prosecuted for the other crimes if he tells the D.A. must cross the lawyer's mind. However, the fact that the client was almost gloating about the way he did not get caught and how he will get out of prison 'while he is young and can still have some fun' would likely be upsetting to the moral compass of the lawyer. Those who argue that lawyers do not have morals are misguided. Lawyers simply do what they are required to do for their jobs and…

Philosophy and Psychology of the Mind and

Philosophy and Psychology of the Mind and Body Throughout human history, philosophers, doctors, and most recently, psychologists, have attempted to understand the relationship between the mind and body and how it results in human beings' awareness and perception of reality. At least since the golden age of Greek philosophy, thinkers have been aware of an ostensible distinction between the mind and body, a distinction that nonetheless allows for some intermingling such that physical issues affect the mental state just as mental issues may result in physical symptoms. Thus, if one desires to truly understand how contemporary estern psychologists and philosophers consider the nature of consciousness via the interaction between mind and body, one must trace the history of these concepts starting with the Greek philosophers, moving through the Middle Ages and the Renaissance and on to the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, when psychology first began to develop as a formal…

Bunge, M. (2010). The mind-body problem. Matter and Mind, 287(2), 143-157.

Hergenhahn, B.R. (Ed.). (2009). An introduction to the history of psychology. Belmont, CA:

Kendell, R.E. (2001). The distinction between mental and physical illness. British Journal of Psychiatry,178, 490-493.

Philosophies of Religion Generally Fall

Nevertheless, personal experience is a powerful method of argument, especially when the credibility of the individual is not called into question. The moral argument in favor of the existence of God is weak because the existence of human morality does not in itself mean that God is the origin of morals. Rather, God has often been used as a motive to prompt people to act a certain way, according to religious scripture or doctrine. Miracles pose a significant problem for the philosopher of religion, because if an act is deemed miraculous, it supercedes the laws of nature. However, the laws of nature are always subject to God; therefore, a miracle cannot theoretically exist. Pascal's "wager" is yet another theistic philosophy of religion, one that is based primarily on self-interest. Pascal suggested that believing in God is a "better bet" than not believing in God. The individual who believes has nothing…

Holt, Tim. "Arguments for Atheism." Philosophy of Religion.info. http://www.philosophyofreligion.info/atheisticproofs.html .

Holt, Tim. "Arguments for the Existence of God." Philosophy of Religion.info. http://www.philosophyofreligion.info/theisticproofs.html .

Philosophy of Film Philosophy in

His floating away at the end of the movie seems to suggest that he is indeed dead, and that the film has been the final moments of his brain creating illusory perceptions. The fact that this is not explicitly decided reveals the film's perspective that this doesn't really mater -- perception is the method we use to interact with "reality;" the realizations that Wiley comes to and the knowledge he receives is not mad any less valid or important by the fact that none of the encounters he experiences might actually have happened. The fact that we have such strong intellectual and emotional responses to fictive films is an indicator that perception, to a large degree, creates reality. The nature of truth is also explored in the documentary Standard Operating Procedure. The main philosophical issue in this film is how the framing of an event can affect truth, or at…

Philosophy Required in High School

Obama endorsed an Illinois handgun ban while he was serving in the Illinois state legislature and also supports a ban on semi-automatic weapons. However, the current President professed his support for the Second Amendment, stating that he supports restrictions to keep guns out of the wrong hands, not a full prohibition. In Illinois he co-sponsored a 2000 to limit consumer purchases of firearms to one gun per month -- although he also supported 'conceal carry' laws for retired police officers ("Gun control," on the Issues, 2008). The spike in gun sales has more to do with political posturing than reality: gun owners wish to demonstrate their opposition to Obama's system of values, as conceptualized in the red-blue divide that currently exists in the United States. In this polarized media positioning, Obama represents urban elitism and government control, despite his actual policies. The NRA and the gun industry has used this…

"Gun control." On the issues. 2008. June 5, 2010.

http://www.ontheissues.org/gun_control.htm

Kinzie, Susan. "GWU adds ethical focus to business school." The Washington Post.

September 15, 2008. June 5, 2010. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/15/AR2008091502975.html

Philosophy -- Kant and Ethics Existence

Admittedly, we do not know how it that anything (such as a physical universe) exists, let alone exactly how it came about that life came into existence. It is often suggested that there must be a God since it is impossible for anything to come into existence spontaneously through "self-creation" and equally impossible that anything existed forever in the past. Regardless of how elementary the very first particle of matter (or energy) and regardless how long ago it first emerged, it must have come from somewhere and through some process. In the minds of many people, the only logical explanation for the existence of the universe and (especially) of life is that it must have been created by a God. However, there are serious logical problems with that belief. First, it necessarily relies on completely circular reasoning: either spontaneous existence from nothing is possible or it is impossible; it cannot…

Philosophy Historical Roundtable Takes Place

In addition, I've heard a great deal of expressed frustration by the citizens of this country in regards to their rights, and the impact on their rights by the Patriot Act and regulations put in place by the Department of Homeland Security. Do these people not understand that their rights are nonexistent because of the authority of the state? Like a child and her parents, the state will do what it thinks is necessary for its people, and the people must obey." Pretend for a moment," Augustine posed, "that the question at hand is not the sovereignty of the state, but the moral justice of the war. Do you agree that the decision to go to war was moral?" do not concern myself so much with morality," Hobbes countered, "as I do with the reason why these wars must continue to occur. Obviously, none is in favor of the death…

Philosophy - Free Will Throughout

Yet, when you go beyond the generalities, it is obvious that this a taking a one size fits all approach when it comes to society. Where, you are assuming that everyone will react the same to the various rules / laws that have been established. However, the pessimists argue that such thinking does not take into account how various experiences and personal relationships will determine someone's morals and values. This is troubling because when you apply such thinking to the person who committed the act. They can be able to claim that they are excused from the different forms of punishment, because they qualify for a special consideration. This, the critics argue is the biggest flaw of determinism, where you are assuming that ample amounts of punishment / penalties would serve as a deterrent. Then, once someone breaks various laws you are allowing the special considerations to give them the…

Determinism. (2010). Retrieved April 27, 2010 from Free Dictionary website: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/determinism

Linder, D. (2002). The Trial of John Hinckley. Retrieved April 27, 2010 from Famous American Trials website: http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/FTrials/hinckley/hinckleytrial.html

Linder, D. (2008). The Trial of John Hinckley Jr. Retrieved April 27, 2010 from Famous American Trails website: http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/hinckley/hinckleyaccount.html

Strawson, P. (n.d.). Freedom and Resentment.

Philosophy Socrates and Oedipus A

He prided himself on being a king that put the needs of his people above his own, struggling to keep his own feelings under wrap and focus instead on what his people needed. This desire to help the people led him to seek a cure for the plague, which was destroying people in masses. He sent Creon to Delphi, Apollo's place of revelation, to find out what could be done to save the city. Creon was told that the state must avenge the death of the former king Laios. After doing a little sould-searching, Oedipus learns that he was the killer of Laios, who was his father. Oedipus takes full responsibility for the crime. "Citizens and alien alike must never shelter me or speak to me," he said. "I must be shunned by all. And I myself pronounced this malediction upon myself" (Sophocles, 42). Like Socrates, Oedipus is visited by…

Grube, G. (2002). Plato, Five Dialogues. Hackett Publishing Company.

Kaufmann, Walter. (1992). Tragedy and Philosophy. Princeton University Press.

T.C. Brickhouse and N.D. Smith (1989). Socrates on Trial. Waterhouse Press.

Moral Dimensions of Punishment Is

Capital punishment, however, does reflect the retributive perspective and is the most obvious modern manifestation of Hammurabi's code. Even so, the moral righteousness of capital punishment is questionable for several reasons. First, capital punishment is illogical and hypocritical. If killing another human being is wrong, and if the state kills human beings, then the state is committing a wrongful act. Second, capital punishment can be considered cruel and unusual. Third, capital punishment precludes the state from promoting positive moral values in favor of a perceived increase in public safety. Whether public safety is increased by the use of capital punishment is also questionable. For the most part, capital punishment is used "solely for symbolic purposes," (Turow, cited by Stern, 2003). Capital punishment is the epitome of revenge-based, retributive justice. It would seem that even if revenge were morally just, that the state would have no justifiable role in exacting revenge.…

Primorac, I. (nd). Is Retributivism Analytic? The Royal Institute of Philosophy. Retrieved June 17, 2007 at http://www.royalinstitutephilosophy.org/articles/article.php?id=20

Stern, S. (2003). Discussing the morality of capital punishment. Christian Science Monitor. 12 Nov 2003. Retrieved June 17, 2007 at http://www.csmonitor.com/2003/1112/p16s01-usju.html

Townsend, C. (2005). The morality of punishment. Cambridge Papers. 31 May 2005. Retrieved June 17, 2007 at http://www.leaderu.com/humanities/moralityofpunishment.html

Philosophy Opposing Philosophical Views Philosophy

Jacques Derrida has been accused of writing in a deliberately obtuse and obfuscated manner, so the relationship between his work and that of Plato's might not be immediately discernible. Perhaps the clearest connection between the two can be derived from Derrida's of Grammatology, especially as it compares to Plato's aesthetics and view of reality. In this rather dense treatise, Derrida first outlines the phenomenon of what he calls logocentrism -- the attitude that speech (logos in Greek) is the most basic and essential form of language, while writing is secondary in development and its ability to reflect meaning. Derrida claims that logocentrism has long been a silent and foundational part of Western thought, even from the time of Plato. Plato believed that truth and meaning existed in a pure state somewhere, with the shadows of meanings existing in our own world. Derrida sees this as a flawed worldview, though not…

Moral Dilemma Anyone Who Know

Seeing how the Prime Directive should no longer apply, Picard was free to do whatever was necessary in order to save his crewman. However, the advanced technology employed by the aliens forced Picard to argue for the life of Wesley Crusher. His argument centers around the idea that this conflict is over whether or not moral universalism, or moral relativism would apply in the case of Wesley Crusher. Picard argues that the Federation does not interfere with other cultures because they believe that all cultures have equally value and the capacity for development. However, they are dealing with an alien race that is violating that principle. The aliens have decided that their moral universalism is correct for the Edo, and by extension, anyone who visits their planet. But Picard argues, correctly, that each culture must respect the rights of other cultures to develop in their own way. And the Prime…

Moral and Ethical Dilemma in

At the same time, optimized care is mandated by the medical code of ethics. If older people are therefore sufficiently able to function independently, access to care should be available to them, because this is their preference, and professionals have an obligation to honor these preferences. In the medical profession, there are no simple solutions to the discrepancy between the fiscal limitations of health care and the ethical obligations of professionals to their clients. The best ideal is to use specific codes of ethics in order to find an acceptable solution that satisfies both the drive to remain financially viable and the obligation to provide all clients with the optimal care. DILEMMA As mentioned, above, the dilemma involves Mrs. DN, an elderly woman who suffered from a debilitating stroke that left her in a wheel chair. Because she was generally at home, she had the right to home care according…

Bevir, M. (2002). SidneyWebb: Utilitarianism, Positivism, and Social Democracy. Journal of Modern History, No. 74. Retrieved from http://escholarship.org/uc/item/7vm01529.pdf

Bevir, M. And O'Brien, D. (2003, Jan 1). From Idealism to Communitarianism: The Inheritance and Legacy of John Macmurray. History of Political Thought, No. 24. Retrieved from http://escholarship.org/uc/item/95m6q13r.pdf

Carroll, M.J. (2007, Dec). Physical Therapists' Perception of Risk of Violating Laws and Rules Governing the Practice of Physical Therapy and/or Their Personal Moral and Ethical Values when Failing to Provide Treatment for an Uninsured or Underinsured Patient. Graduate College of Bowling Green. Retrieved from http://etd.ohiolink.edu/send-pdf.cgi/Carroll%20Mark%20J.pdf-acc_num=bgsu1193091796

De Sousa e Brito, J. (2008, Aug 8). From Utilitarianism To Kantism: Bentham's Proof of Utilitarianism, Mill and Kant. ISUS X, Tenth Conference of the International Society for Utilitarian Studies. Retrieved from http://escholarship.org/uc/item/4zn812s7.pdf

Philosophy Aristotle and the Good

The first part is spirit, with Plato noting that spirit's job is to have courage and remain steady. The second part is the appetites, with their job being to have restraint and avoid excess. The third part is reason, with reason's job being to control both the spirit and the appetites. According to Plato, an individual's soul becomes virtuous when the three parts are all operating together effectively and this occurs when a person is living a good life. One of the most important points about this view is that it shows how living a good life and being virtuous is a matter of control. This means that a person is not either inherently good or inherently bad. Instead, a person has both good parts and bad parts. To achieve virtue and live a good life means controlling the bad parts and choosing good. Plato also went on to state…

Research Paper

Black Studies - Philosophy

Moral Philosophy Can desires and feelings be in accordance with or contrary to reason? Are they under the control of, or guided by, reason? Compare, contrast, and critically evaluate…

Moral Philosophy It is contemporary man's tendency to place himself atop of the evolutionary cycle of human development. Today's man with his technology and his gadgets believes that he…

Business - Ethics

(Ethics: The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) In essence, it can be said that moral philosophy is the field in which questions about what is good, what is bad, what…

Moral Philosophy Ethical Theories on Animals. The treatment of animals has historically evolved along with human beings' changing views of them. A number of theories trace this changing treatment…

Review the Feldman reading this week about euthanasia and assisted suicide as well as the online article on Christ's physical death. Many argue that assisted suicide or euthanasia is…

Women's Issues - Abortion

This would make the resource pool of charity large enough for the deprived sections of the society. 2): On the issue of morality Singer in his writing refers about…

Moral decisions in business are best served by adhering to the ethical code of rule ultilitarianism. ule utilitarianism provides a workable code for businesses, especially in the wake of…

Kant Theories and Criticism Kant's Theories and Criticism Kant's Theories and Criticism Kant's work with respect to good will and morality is appreciable but is also criticized in numerous…

Thus, according to Mill, a state of thriving morality would be that in which each individual constantly pursues his own happiness and at the same time that of the…

Prichard Moral Philosophy Why does Prichard think moral philosophy rest on a mistake? Prichard believes that moral philosophy rests on mistake for a variety of reasons. Moral theory in…

Sleepers in the Context Of Kant's Moral Philosophy Barry Levinson's 1996 motion picture Sleepers provides viewers with a shocking (and intriguing at the same time) account involving a group…

There are several ways that BP could have chosen to respond, all of which were "open" to them (i.e. they had free will), yet those chose to take paths…

For example, before Newton, gravity was not considered a reality because the force of gravity itself cannot be perceived via the senses. The scientific method corrects for sensory shortcomings.…

The question arising from this claim is whether evidence exists to prove that there exists an infinitely good, powerful, and wise God where morality naturally emerges. Humes argues that…

The principle of harmony's job is to take corrective actions when needed in order to create the balance of economic justice between the principles. For example, when the other…

Life is a collection of feelings, and everything that gives us a good feeling will certainly give us happiness. For every person there is a different definition of happiness.…

Moreover, caring for her mother, the other option, would surely: a) create a feeling of being "unfulfilled" which brings with it depression and resentfulness; b) leave her with nothing…

Cicero's " Practical Code of Behavior" Cicero in his "A Practical Code of Behavior" wrote as if writing a letter to his son telling the boy ways to live…

Moral Objectivism to Moral Skepticism (a) According to Kant, what is the difference between "a posteriori" knowledge and "a priori" knowledge? What kind of knowledge would the statement "All…

Ethics / Morality

One relativistic belief that I find that some people hold is regarding abortion. Some people say, “Well, I would never have one,” implying that there is something immoral or…

Philosophy While there is plenty to criticize in the work of Descartes, Locke, and Hume, one cannot justifiably claim that Jose Vasconcelos criticisms of traditional Western views on the…

Since a hypothetical imperative represents one of many possibilities that are only means to an end, they cannot be objectively necessary, and therefore do not have the same command…

Moral and Emotional Responses to the Challenge of Thrasymachus Might makes right. So suggests the character of Thrasymachus in Plato's "Republic." In other words, justice and morality is merely…

Philosophies of Life: Personal and Traditional hen one considers the many aspects of one's "inner life," it becomes clear that most, if not all of them are based upon…

The central ideas about this knowledge may be categorized into four parts: knowledge, wisdom, belief, and opinion. Some are individualized -- some culturally based, some based solely on sensory…

Philosophy of Life Humans have a distinguishing nature, which defines the way they think, act, and feel. The human nature has influenced the culture that humans have kept with…

" (ohlf) These maxims may be as simple as gratifying a desire or something complex like becoming a lawyer. Kant then distinguishes between two basic kinds of maxims: material…

Philosophy (general) Given that experience is argued to be the foundation of knowledge (according to Locke) how - if at all - does Locke make room for what Leibniz…

Philosophy Socrates was a proud citizen of Athens. He loved his native state so much that when he was condemned before her courts, he prefered to be sentences to…

Research Proposal

However, in principle, the rules and laws of society merely ensure our freedom from unwanted behavior of others. In many cases, in fact, the particular rules themselves are purely…

Philosophy Socrates has been accused of not recognizing the gods of the state, and also of inventing gods of his own. In fact, this is a two-part accusation. Socrates…

When we consider our own philosophies about many things, we are forced to make judgments determining what is most important to us. It is only through this kind of…

Philosophy The Value of Philosophy: The subject of philosophy concerns itself with understanding of the self, humanity and the universe in an attempt to arrive at or define a…

Philosophy Kant's Theories of Good Will One of Kant's examples of good well is an action that is taken with good intentions; he calls it good because the volition…

Mythology - Religion

The ultimate evil, as opposed to the ultimate 'badness' is to deny higher humanity's potential to individually realize its aims in a state of freedom. Any attempt to create…

hat is needed, then, is a concept of free will that can effectively counter the claims of naturalists that there is no physical basis for free will. It requires…

This means that if someone has a problem with a law, there is an opportunity for that person to take action that can result in the law being changes.…

e., it removes subjectivity as a vantage point). It is also hard to tell how much unhappiness is created and how to weigh it against the happiness that is…

Because of their unwillingness to wear protective equipment they are putting the entire workforce at risk for injury. The advantage of using this theory is that it allows one…

Moral Skepticism and Knowledge Moral Skepticism and Moral Knowledge Morality is a much debated philosophical idea, wherein the arguments range from ethical egoism being the perfect sample of moral…

Business - Law

He did so, his client was convicted, and now his client is appealing that conviction. In the meantime, there was no way that his client could have given him…

Nevertheless, personal experience is a powerful method of argument, especially when the credibility of the individual is not called into question. The moral argument in favor of the existence…

His floating away at the end of the movie seems to suggest that he is indeed dead, and that the film has been the final moments of his brain…

Law - Constitutional Law

Obama endorsed an Illinois handgun ban while he was serving in the Illinois state legislature and also supports a ban on semi-automatic weapons. However, the current President professed his…

Admittedly, we do not know how it that anything (such as a physical universe) exists, let alone exactly how it came about that life came into existence. It is…

In addition, I've heard a great deal of expressed frustration by the citizens of this country in regards to their rights, and the impact on their rights by the…

Yet, when you go beyond the generalities, it is obvious that this a taking a one size fits all approach when it comes to society. Where, you are assuming…

He prided himself on being a king that put the needs of his people above his own, struggling to keep his own feelings under wrap and focus instead on…

Criminal Justice

Jacques Derrida has been accused of writing in a deliberately obtuse and obfuscated manner, so the relationship between his work and that of Plato's might not be immediately discernible.…

Anthropology

Seeing how the Prime Directive should no longer apply, Picard was free to do whatever was necessary in order to save his crewman. However, the advanced technology employed by…

At the same time, optimized care is mandated by the medical code of ethics. If older people are therefore sufficiently able to function independently, access to care should be…

The first part is spirit, with Plato noting that spirit's job is to have courage and remain steady. The second part is the appetites, with their job being to…

Free Moral Philosophy Essays and Papers

Cosmology and Moral Philosophy

4 Works Cited

Cosmology and Moral Philosophy ABSTRACT: The universe as a whole can be shown to consist of two worlds: the real world and the transcendental world. The real world is a multitude of passing things in a gravitational field: it is the world of nature, every unit of which is born (from the transcendental world), develops, degrades and dies (that is, it returns to the transcendental world). The transcendental world is the world of the integrated, nonpassing, unborn and undying, internally functioning

My Moral Philosophy

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What is a moral code? I feel that a moral code is a "unwritten code that one lives by," This code is indicating how I should live. There is not anyone watching over me judging my moral code; just I am responsible to my self for my actions. However, a moral code should always be in my head and tells me how to act in all situations. An example would be littering; is it right to throw that gum wrapper out the window of my car? No, just put it in a pocket, I can throw it out later. If you I throw that

The Moral Philosophy Of Moral Knowledge

Philosophers Moral Expertise: Useful Applications QUALIFIED moral philosophers do indeed (to a limited extent) possess a level of moral expertise. This applies to any individuals who have devoted exhaustive time to specific subjects; in hopes to solve the problems faced by the world as a whole (the main focus here will be associated with medicine). Especially when compared to individuals who do not concern themselves with the practice of philosophy and therefore, lack such expertise knowledge. The

Moral Philosophy of Global Peace

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Moral Philosophy of Global Peace ABSTRACT: Global Peace is the summum bonum, so we must know its negative as well as positive meanings. Simultaneously peace must be understood in all its interrelated but theoretically differentiated dimensions as personal, social, national, international and global. Today, humankind is suffering from multidimensional crises such as terrorism, population-explosion, denial of human rights, economic inequality, racial discrimination, ideological extremism, religious

Taoism and Western Moral Philosophy

Taoism presents a moral philosophy that at first seems very different from most western moral philosophies which, though very different, usually understand morality as a set of restraints on behavior or a common set of principles (common virtues). Western moral philosophy, in general, emphasizes constraining behavior that stems from desire. Taosim's emphasis is dealing directly with controlling ones desire by eliminating them. Taoism and western moral philosophy deal with desire but Taoism deals

The Benefits Of Moral Philosophy

“Moral Philosophy is the rational study of the meaning and justification of moral claims. A ‘moral claim’ evaluates the rightness or wrongness of an action or a person’s character”. For example, “stealing is wrong” claims that the act of stealing is wrong, while “people should not be dishonest” claims a character trait (i.e. dishonesty) is wrong. (Gert and Gert) “Descriptively, morality refers to certain codes of conduct put forward by a society or a group (such as a religion) or accepted by an individual

Benefits Of Moral Philosophy

“Moral Philosophy is the rational study of the meaning and justification of moral claims. A ‘moral claim’ evaluates the rightness or wrongness of an action or a person’s character”, For example, “stealing is wrong” claims that the act of stealing is wrong, while “people should not be dishonest” claims a character trait (i.e. dishonesty) is wrong. (Gert and Gert) “Descriptively, morality refers to certain codes of conduct put forward by a society or a group (such as a religion) or accepted by an individual

Immanual Kant's Moral Philosophy

1 Works Cited

The philosopher Immanuel Kant in “Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals” in his chapter I, brings to us a magnificent explanation about moral philosophy where analyze and critics the conduct, acts of the human beings. Kant states, “Nothing can possibly be convinced in the world, or even out it, which can be called good, without qualification, except a good will”. I agree with this affirmation because everything we do must be doing it by good will. If we do this we reach happiness according with

Hume vs. Kant: Moral Philosophy

From the origin of Western philosophical thought, there has been an interest in moral laws. As Hume points out in the Treatise, "morality is a subject that interests us above all others" (David Hume "A Treatise of Human Nature'). Originally, thoughts of how to live were centered on the issue of having the most satisfying life, with "virtue governing one's relations to others" (J.B. Schneewind 'Modern Moral Philosophy'). However, the view that there is one way to live that is best for everyone and

My Personal Moral Philosophy

Socrates great admonition. The prophet Isaiah wrote, “Come now, let us reason together, says the LORD.” This examination is healthy but a worthy discipline for every human being. My moral philosophy is derived from a creator God revealed through the person of Jesus Christ as revealed in the Bible. This moral philosophy must begin with the nature of myself and all mankind. Humans are created with the imago dei, or image of God, which will have profound impact as I will demonstrate soon. Unfortunately

Mills and Kant Moral Philosophy

reflects that he could indeed have an affair with this intern if he wanted to but he wont in a million years because he is extremely happy with his wife. He wouldn’t risk that relationship for a chance at a fling. According to Kant, this would not have moral worth because it comes from immediate inclination, not from the motive of duty. The fourth one is to act but only from out of duty. An example of someone acting from duty would be a woman who marries a man out of love. Their marriage is initially a

Moral Philosophy Case Study

Moral Philosophy History & Background The Moral Philosophy has been developed primarily over the course of the last century (Reamer, 1993). While the concepts of morals and ethics have always played a part when working with human beings, the focus of the subject as a whole has shifted over time. Originally, the profession of social work began with an emphasis on the client and centered upon their actions in the process. This means that the morality under question was that of the individual coming

Philosophies Of Kant, Mill's Moral Approach

Mill, Aristotle, and Held each describe their moral approaches to ethical problems and dilemmas in our text book, Exploring Ethics. I compared Kant’s “categorical imperative,” Mill’s “utilitarianism,” Aristotle’s “nature of virtue,” and Held’s “ethics of care,” philosophies. Each of the theories were approaches to moral dilemmas in life and they each made logical sense, but Mill’s utilitarianism approach seemed to me to be the best way to face a moral or ethical dilemma. Mill’s approach is centered

The Weaknesses And Strengths Of My Moral Philosophy

Moral philosophy can be summed up as a type of philosophy that involves ethics; how a person views life holistically. Within that, views what is wrong, right and the consequences associated with it. As an organizational leader, my moral philosophy is built on my Christian beliefs. It is significant to me because this is the only philosophy in which I have personally seen overwhelming results in my life. From my early childhood to now, I feel as though my Christian lifestyle has helped me overcome

Moral Philosophy Part 2 Analysis

improved by incorporating such ideas? Why or why not? The moral philosophies of Confucius, Mencius, and Lin Yutang all share a common thread in their respect of elders. This tradition is very valuable, since the majority of our elders develop a wealth of knowledge through life lessons that would only serve to benefit society by being looked to. I do believe modern western culture would be improved upon by incorporating the moral philosophies of respect for our elders. I do see our deficiencies out

Moral Philosophy Of Aristotle And Emmanuel Kant

or knowledge of ethics could be explained with the moral philosophy of Aristotle and Emmanuel Kant, what I will cover here won’t be considered to be everything nor something, I will shimmer the subject on how these two stand in their own philosophy. To start of the Greek Aristotle born in Stagira, who was first intended to study medicine, until was sent to Athens to study philosophy with Plato. He was a major contributor to science and philosophy. He saw ultimate reality in physical objects, that

Thomas Hobbes: Moral And Political Philosophy

Thomas Hobbes: Moral and Political Philosophy (1588-1679) Thomas Hobbes was an English philosopher in the seventeenth century. He was a politically influential philosopher with a variety of interests. He supported a range of materialist, nominalist, and empiricist views. Materialism is an idea that everything is made up of matter or dependent upon matter for existence in nature. Materialism tends to reject the existence of a spirit or anything of nonphysical form by Wolff, 2011. There are at least

Moral Relativism and Problems Associated With this Philosophy

Moral Philosophy in Middlemarch by George Eliot

Consequently, Bulstrode is pressured by Raffles’ knowledge of his secret and believes that he owes Ladislaw a great deal as Bulstrode essentially took Sarah’s money for his own and made no attempts to locate or assist Sarah. This sets the stage for numerous moral dilemmas and debates, with perhaps the most central question being whether or not Ladislaw should accept the money being offered to him by Bulstrode. This essay will ultimately argue that Ladislaw should not accept Bulstrode’s money, but this raises

The Elements Of Moral Philosophy By James Rachells And Stuart Rachels

individual person in the world. After reading chapter one of The Elements of Moral Philosophy by James Rachels and Stuart Rachels, and after debriefing the moral dilemma activity from ethics class, there is multiple of justifications for why studying morality and ethics is important. However, the three most important

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Essays on Ethics and Moral Philosophy

Why euthanasia should be legal: analysing the most controversial debate, why do we have moral dilemmas: the role of contemporary world, four irrefutable challenges of morality, the lost of ethics in the little albert experiment, the immortal life of henrietta lacks: ethical and racial issues, cultural relativity in the spirit catches you and you fall down, to be a citizen of the world full of cosmopolitanism, the way questioning defines our worldview, the teaching of buddha: sayings and thoughts, the spectrum of concepts that shape our worldview, the role of determinism or free will in moral commitment, the review of contexts for creating a worldview, the history of the development and changes in forms of worldview, the concept of liminal time , stem cell research as a healthcare ethical dilemma, nursing home cameras: protecting the vulnerable and ethical dilemmas, history and early development of buddhism, ethical guidelines in research on embryonic stem cells, case study: enron scandal as an example of an ethical dilemma in business, feeling stressed about your essay.

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Moral Philosophy Research Paper

Show More My Moral Philosophy A person’s moral philosophy is embedded since birth and honed through out his life by first his parents, and then by his/hers environment. My moral philosophy derives from my Mexican heritage and culture and has been honed throughout my education and military experience. Growing up with my family, my parents imbedded in my sister and me the ethical values of trust, respect, responsibility, fairness, and loyalty. Even thought I was born and raised in the United States, my first 16 summers were spend in central Mexico, with my grandparents, where my Mexican Heritage and ethical values were even more infused the same way they were into my mother. Being part of the Army Culture for over 17 years as a Soldier, Cadet, and …show more content… Duty to me is not only to meet the standard but also to exceed the standard and consistently strive to do my best. It is the obligation that we have as an organizational leader and Army Officer to our Soldiers. Duty is a strength in my moral philosophy because it is one of the values that sets me apart from my non-military friends and relatives. Selfless service to me means doing what is right for our society, communities, nation, and family. Dedicating the best years of my life is an obligation that I have for my country because it has provided a plethora of opportunities to my family and me. Honor provides the moral compass for character and personal conduct. It is a strength and glue that holds all my values together. George Washington once mentioned, “ War must be carried on systematically, and to do it you must have men of character activated by principles of honor” . It belongs to those living by words and actions consistent with high ideals. Integrity is doing what’s right, legally and morally. It means doing the right thing at all times and in all circumstances, whether or not anyone is watching. I always brief my Soldiers to always do the “Harder right over the easier wrong”. Integrity is a strength in my philosophy because without it my moral philosophy wouldn’t be strong and I wouldn’t have the capacity …show more content… The sources of these values are a combination of my experiences, family and the military. The moral values that make up my moral philosophy are significant as an organizational leader and an Army Officer. My ethical values in my moral philosophy are trust, respect, responsibility, fairness, loyalty, duty, selfless service, honor, integrity, personal courage and empathy. Duty and virtue ethic are well integrated in my moral philosophy. At this point of my life, my virtue ethics are reflected through my moral philosophy and it is who I am, how I see the world and how I act. It is in the center of my heart and character. My action-based ethics is deontological. I judge morality by looking at the action rather then the outcome in which I excluded outcome from my moral philosophy. Through my different culture interactions around the world, these values have influenced me the way I make decisions and treat my leaders, subordinates, and

Leadership In The Army

The Army has held onto its long existing principles of Leadership Values in which Soldiers have an obligation to uphold. Leaders carry forth those standards, because it represents the Army’s customs. The commitment to the Army’s ideologies is everlasting regardless if a leader no longer serves the military (Dempsey,…

James N. Rowe: The Great Legacy

Challenge myself to always stay physically and mentally fit and always completed my duties as an NCO and ARMY leader. Friendship is very important between leaders and peers. This will develop loyalty and trust between the ARMY peers. Legacy I want to leave. The legacy I want to leave is to help Soldier that like me came to the ARMY looking for a better future while serving and defending our America liberty and way of life.…

The Importance Of An Epic Hero Of Beowulf

Also, loyalty was a trait they perceived to be of the utmost importance among the warriors of their culture. In addition to the concept of loyalty, Anglo Saxons also valued reputation. A warrior’s reputation was extremely important because they wanted to be seen by all as brave and courageous. All Anglo Saxons strived to be respected and have renown across the land. Many of these values affected the daily life of Anglo Saxons because each succeeding day could result in a struggle for their life and the livelihood of their people.…

Personal Narrative: My Style Of Leadership

Because of this influential dimension, leadership carries with it an enormous ethical responsibility (Northouse 261). Ethical leadership is made up of many elements, some being character, actions, values and goals. Actions are defined as the way a leader achieves goals, how a leader uses goals to motivate others reveals a great deal about the leader’s ethics. My ethics evaluation resulted in family and truth being my top values; I feel that these two words say a lot about me. I value truth, I expect people to be truthfully, and in return I pride myself in being the same way.…

Importance Of Human Values

This is the way how social values come into existence and are known by everyone. Our brains are hard-wired to hunt for the Truth. No matter what blueprint are laid down by our families, education and work, we are seeker of ultimate truth. What words we put on this varies in time and place, culture and society, but we are all hunters of peace and truth. Ultimately, moral values compel our lives to find out and exemplify those concepts within our personality.…

Individual Leadership Philosophy: United States Army

This point lead me to mention that in order to lead soldier and make sure they are doing the right thing every day, we have to check ourselves as leaders and see if we are holding ourselves to the same standards that we are holding our soldiers too, if the answer yes I believe that means we are doing the right thing and we are leading in way that defines the army values and living by it. Sharing previous experiences with soldiers it has a very strong message that resonate with soldiers especially when they encounter a similar experience and they start to remember what I shared with them. Creating an open communications environment between a leader and subordinate makes a huge different in accomplishing the mission. Open communications, and showing soldiers how to do the right thing, makes it easier to build trust which leads to a trusting environment that encouraging soldiers to talk to their leaders even if they done something they were not supposed to do, which it helps in…

AMHCA Code Of Ethics In Mental Health Counselor

Codes of Ethics are written standards that govern the conduct of a person. It’s a professional guideline that implicates the way a person works and the ethical decisions they make. Counselors abide by the Code of Ethics to provide support, moral, values and understanding in how utilize ethical decisions. This guide’s your role as a counselor, to have self-reflection and self-awareness in how you react morally dictating an individual belief, law and religion. Code of Ethics gives forth your professional responsibilities to direct, facilitate growth, development in how you administer and promote the formation of healthy relationships.…

Authentic Value-Based Leadership Essay

Another trait that I have found to be an essential part of effective leadership is authentic value-based leadership. In this sense, a leader is well aware of his or her values and strives to live out those values on a daily basis. No one can be authentic by trying to imitate someone else. Sure you can learn from other’s experiences, but in order to be an effective leader, you must be rooted in who you are and what matters most to you. (George 163).…

Army Professional Culture

By understanding this the leader can either make or break careers for Soldiers and as a professional we want to give the best so we receive the best. This I believe is the hardest job of a leader, there is a mission that must be accomplished but without Soldiers the mission would never be complete. So, as leaders we must always be cognizant of the balancing act that is the profession of…

term paper on moral philosophy

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